G R A 



G R A 



■unemployed a large part of the year. But meadow farms, espable of being managed by any perfon wl-.o is aUe to d? 

 proptnly fo called, are never, to his knowledge, met with but in rert a common plough 



the vicinity of great cities, where the demand for hay is ''"'■'- -' '- 



great and uniform ; horfes on fuch arc kept only for the pur- 

 pofe of carrying Iwy to market, bringir.g dung back, cart- 

 ing the hay to the iiack, and the manure to the lields. Straw 

 is wanting for litter and for thatch ; but it is queilionable 

 »vhether it is profitable to plough for this object only in 

 any cafe; a fcattering of tillage is in fome places tound, but 

 not by anv certam rule ; the necefTity is fmall, and llraw 

 ufuallv to be purchafed. Such dillritts, being highly im- 

 proved, demand very little attention, it is fuppofcd. See 

 Tillage, RoiaUon of Cuor.s, and Pasture. 



GuAs.sZ.-Y7/f, i\\ jisnciilture, a term frequently applied 

 to fuch fward lands as are appropriated to the purpoies of 

 crazing, or the fattening of neat cattle and flieep. 



G iXA^a-Steds, a term often ufed to fignify the feveral different 

 feeds of graffes thit are employed in laying land down to 

 tlie ftate of turf. It was, however, formerly, moftly 

 made ufe of to denote the mixture of all fons of rubbilh 

 that was fcraped up from the hay lofts, or coUefted in the 

 cribs or boxes below the racks in the llables. But, in 

 the improved method of forming new grafs lands, the 

 practice of ufing fuch mixtures of feeds is almoil wholly 

 laid afide, and only fuch as are really ufeful and proper, had 

 recourfe to, by which the lands are found to be much more 

 valuable and productive. See Laywgl^X'SYiS down to Grafs. 

 GiiASsfodi, in Rural Economy, a name applied to fnch 

 fods or turfs as are pared oil' from the furface of old fward- 

 lands, whether they be intended for the purpofe of burning 

 on the land, for fuel, or for being laid down in order to form 

 a lawn, or fmall plot of fine even turf. In the former in- 



This plough may be fecn at Jig. 7. in the P/nle on 

 Grazing, in which the nine holes (hewn by A, A, is 

 the beam, ferve, as in the common plough, to regulate 

 the length of the beam merely by placing the pin C for- 

 wards or backwards, and thereby to make t!ie cutting-iron to 

 work to greater or lefs depth. The two coulters, E, E, 

 which are placed on each fide of it, in front of the cutting- 

 iron D, ferve to guide the lide cut, preparatory to the fe- 

 paration of the turf or fod. Tiie c.tting-iron D mavi 

 by means of the fcrews G, G, be raifed or lowered at dif- 

 cretion. And, in order to keep it in its place properly, the 

 two fupports at H, are made, and provided with feveral 

 holes for the purpofe at I, formed in the cutting-iron D. 

 The two handles are dlfplayed at K, K, and the frame at 

 L L L L ; the whole of the remainder, which in the frame 

 is marked black, is to be formed of iron. 



A certain degree of practical experience is necefTary, in 

 order to ufe this plough, fo as to form the turfs with exaft- 

 nefs ; and in the commencement of the work care (hould be 

 particularly taken that the workman does not cut the turfs 

 too deep, and that the plough be not injured by his inatten- 

 tion. In a very fhort time, he will, however, be fo accuf- 

 tomed to the hnfinefs as to perform with great exaftnefs. 

 In fetting out the work, a breadth equal to the width of ths 

 two cutters Ihould be previoudy cut out, as by that means 

 the cutting-iron takes the fod at a proper depth, and exe- 

 cutes the work, as foon as the draught commences, in the 

 team. In the performance oi the work, oxen are recom- 

 mended as preferable to horfes, from their drawing more 

 fteadily, and beir.g more readily managed on ftiff lands ; but 



tentions they are generally pared off by ploughs, or fpades, we apprehend that this will not, in general, be found to 



contrived for the purpofe ; but in tlie latter almofl con- 

 ftantly with great regularity and exaclnefs, by a turf fpade 

 for the purpofe. A tool of the plough kind feems, how- 

 ever, capable of being employed in tliis way alio with ad- 

 vantage. See the next article. 



GnA^iifod-ciMlng Plough, the name of a tool of the plough 

 kind, whicli was invented on the continent by count Van 

 Mattzen, and which has been highly ufeful in cutting grals- 

 fods in a cheap and expeditious manner. It can alio be had 

 I'ecourfe to with great advantage in paring the fwards off old 

 o-rafs lands, waftcs, and commons, previoufly to their being 

 burnt and brought into the Hate of tillage -hufbandry. It is 

 likewife capable of being converted to the purpofe of form- 

 ing walks in grounds where they may be wanted, as well as 



hold good, and horfe -teams ai'e far more expeditious. See 

 Tkam. 



Gr.\.ss, in Mining, fignifies the nat\iral furface of the earth 

 over a mine ; fometiines alio it is called " the day," or the 

 top ; and a mineral vein appearing on the furface, is faid to 

 come, or appear to grafs, or to the day. Coals and other 

 ibatified minerals, when they come to the furface, are faid 

 to baflet, crop, burft-out, go-out, to want-cover, to run-out, 

 toout-burft, to head-out, to run-out, &c. 



Gu-V.s.s River, in Geography, a river of America, in the 

 N.W. part of the ilate of New York, which rifes near the 

 main branch of Black river, and runs N.N.W. about 50 

 miles, then N.E. 40 miles, and is loft in the river St. Lau- 

 rence. N. lat. 45' 12'. W. long. 74' 48'. It is a rapid 



jn panng the bottoms and fides of them, and of fuch as have river, affords many mill-feats, and near the mouth, its banks 

 been already made, by which means the gardener will only produce great quantities of hay. 



have the fimple bufinefs of raking and rolhng them to per 

 form. 



By fome flight alterations in the manner of placing the 

 coulters, grafs fods are likewife capable of being cut in a 

 very ready manner, and in any form that may be required, 

 fo as to be employed in the conftruCtion of banks, fortifica- 

 tions, huts, and other works of a fimilar kind. It would 

 feem, confequently, to be a very ufeful tool in the expenfive 

 bufinefs of conftrucfing embankments agalnil the lea, or 

 other large waters. 



The inventor was led to the conftruftion of this plough, 

 in confequence of the want of a more cheap and expeditious 

 method of performing the work than the ufnal one of the 

 fpade, in cutting turfs for forming grafs-plats, &c. 



It may be obferved th;;t in forming the tool, the beam, or 

 fore part of any common plough will anfu-er tlie purpofe ; 

 this part is confequently not reprefented in the figure, the 

 kind or operative parts being fimply fhewn. The tool is better acquainted with thefe ftrata, fays, 



GRASSE, a town of France, and principal place of a 

 ditlricl, in the department of the Var. The place contain.? 

 12,521, and the canton 13,554 inhabitants, on a territory 

 of 100 kiliometres, in four communes. The principal trade 

 of the town confills in dry fruit, olives, oil, perfumes, and 

 tanned leather : — 9 miles W.N. W. of Antibes. N. lat. 43* 

 39'. E. long. 6 59'. 



Gn.AssE, La, a town of France, in tlie department of the 

 Aude, and chief place of a canton, in the dillriift of Car- 

 caffone ; 20 miles S.W. of Narbonne. The place contains 

 1 123, and the canton 4524 inhabitants, on a territory of 

 292.7 kiliometres, in 18 communes. N. lat. 43" 5'. E. 

 long. 2 42'. 



GnA.>iSES, Petrified. Mr. Whitehurft, in his " Inquiry 

 concerning the Earth," ill edit. p. 169, mentions graflcs 

 among the vegetable remains in the coal-meafnres of Derby. 

 fliire : but the late Mr. "William Martin, wlio was perhaps 



' Outlines," p. Sj, 

 that 



