G R A 



that tlie gramina of thcfc argillaceous ftrata are of nnknown 

 f])cci(--s in the recent Hate, and appear rather allied to the 

 c.ir.cs and reeds of the Indies, than to graifes properly fo 

 called. Mr. Farey alfo, in his laborious refearches among 

 thefe carboniferous ilrata, has feen nothing refernbling gralfes 

 imbedded in them. See Reeds. 



In peat dillrifts, which are of modern or recent accumu- 

 lation, and within the range of flooded rivers, it is not un- 

 common to meet with preferved grades, probably belonging 

 to many of the recent ipecies, at confiderable depths below 

 the fnrface of, or even at the bottom of the peat, or muddy 

 depolits ; but fuch peat fofuls iliould on all occafions be 

 dillinguillied carefully from flratilled, or real foflil remains, 

 as remarked in our article Coal. 



GRAlSSHOPPER, in Entomology, a fpecies of Cryllut ; 

 which fee. 



GuAs.silop.T.n, in Ornithology, a name given to the AlauJa 

 trivia/is ; which fee. 



GRASSI, Cecilfa, in Biography, afterwards Mrs. Bach, 

 who performed the firll woman's part for feveral fuccefiive 

 years at the opera with Guarducci and Guadagni, was in- 

 animate on tlie ftage, and far from beautiful in her perfon ; 

 but there was a truth of intonation, with a plaintive fweet- 

 nefs of voice, and innocence of expreflion, that gave great 

 plealure to all hearers wlio did not expecl or want to be 

 furprifed. Her performance of the part of Euridice, in 

 Gluck's " Orfeo," with Guadagni, was perfect in all re- 

 fpefts, and gave univerfal fatisfaCtion. 



GRASSVv'INKEL, TiiEODonE, a learned lawyer and 

 writer, who flourilTiea in the 17th century, was a native 

 of Delft. He wrote various works upon legal and 

 political fnbjecls, by which he acquired a confideiable repu- 

 tation, and was regarded by the government as a proper 

 perfon to fill fome office in the Hate ; he was accordingly 

 made filcal of the domains of the ftates of Holland, and 

 fecretary of the bipartite chamber on the part of the ftates- 

 gcncral. He died in 1666, at Mechlin, and was buried in 

 the great church at the Hague. His works were nume- 

 rous : of thefe the following may be noticed, " Libcrtas 

 Veneta, feu Venetorum in fe et fuos impcrandi Jus." This 

 waspubliHied in 1634, and in 1644 he defended the republic 

 of Venice, in a difputc with the duke of Savoy concerning 

 precedence. For thefe fervices, that republic created him 

 a knight of St. Mark. Previoully to the publication of the 

 laft of the two above-named works, lie attempted to confute 

 the popular maxims of Buchanan, in atrea.ife, entitled " De 

 Jure Ma'iellati.s." Tliis was dedicated to Chrilhna, queen 

 of Sweden, who was known to be a great afltrtor of regal 

 privileges. Grafswinkel defended the liberty of the feas 

 again 11 a native of Genoa, in his work " Maris Liberi Vin- 

 dicix." He was author, likewil'e, of a treatife in two 

 volumes 4to. " On the Sovereignty of the States of Hol- 

 land." He was at all times a defender of particular ftates ; 

 but a violent oppugner of the rights of the people. Morcri. 

 Bayle. 



GRATAROLUS, Willia.m, was born at Bergamo, 

 i.1- Italy, in the year 15 10. He was educated at Padua, 

 where he took the degre? of doftor of phylic, aad after- 

 wards became profodbr of tlie fame fcience, and gained con- 

 fiderable diifinillon. But having embraced the Calvniillic 

 dockrincs, on the perfuafion of Peter Ver:niil;, he fled from 

 Italy, through fear of the inquifition, and retired to Mar- 

 ifiirg, where he taught medicine for a ^ear. But he was 

 tomjjelled to leave that place alfc, and repaired to Bale, 

 in the hope of a better fortune, and where, in fatl, he tax'.ght 

 and pratlifed hi« prof.llion witii fuccefs, until May 1562, 

 wLta be died, at the age of 52. He was author of a great 



a 



G R A 



number of works, fomc of which arc honcurabk- toii< 



talents, and evince a large (Hare of knowledge; but jr. 

 others he fliews an attachment to the abfurditi-? of the al- 

 chemift, much fupcrilition, and opinions which do not imply 

 a found judgment. Lloy. Dia Hifl. 



GRATCHI, in Geography, a town of Ruffia, in the coun- 

 try of the CofTacks ; ao miles N.W. of Tzaritzcn. 



GI^ \'f IAN, in Biograpfty, a Roman emperor, fon of 

 V.ilentinian I. was born at Sirmium, in 359. He was ap- 

 pointed by his father to a (hare in the empire when lie was 

 but eight years old. He was in his f.ventetnth year wiien 

 Valentinian^ died. At this time Gratian was keeping hig 

 court at Treves, and was ignorant of what liad happened 

 till he was informed that the officers of the army had ap- 

 pointed as his partner in the throne Valentinian II. the 

 younger fon of the late emperor, by his fecond wife Juftina. 

 Gratian, though hurt at the adumption of authority on the 

 part of the army, readily ratified the eleftion, and ever 

 treated his brotlier with afTctticni and tenderncfs. The 

 Weftern empire was nominally divided between them, but 

 the fuperior age of Gratian gave him all the power. One of 

 his firft afts was to recal his mother to court, wiio had beerf 

 divorced and banilliod ; and this act of juftice was followed 

 by the punKhment of certain officers in the (late, who had 

 abufcd their power, by cruelty and injuftice. While the 

 emperor is praifed for thefe deeds, he has not efcaped blame, 

 and a high degree of ccnfurc, for putting to death the re- 

 nowned general Theodolius, who fell a viitim to the jealoufy 

 of fome rival courtiers. Hiilory has alfo cenfured "him for 

 the indulgence wliich he afforded to the clergy, and for \i\% 

 feverity againil thole who were denominated heretics, for tlic 

 gratification of the orthodox. At the head of the Eallerii 

 empire was his uncle Valcns, who was in 378 attacked by 

 the Goths. Gratian, aftive and courageous, put himfelf at 

 the head of an army, and marched to his alfiilancc. He- 

 obtained a decilive vidory in Alfaco, and, purfuing his fuc- 

 ceffes, croffed the Rhine, and penetrated into the heart of the 

 enemy's country, ia order to join the forces of Valcns. 

 Before, however, he could reach him, that emperor had 

 been defeated and (lain at the battle of Adrianople. Gratian 

 now felt that he mull take the moft vigorous meafures 

 againil their common enemy, and immediately called from 

 his retreat Theodoiius, fon of the general who had fuffered 

 under his haily difjilcalure, and placed him at the head of 

 a feparate army, with which he was enabled to deftroy a 

 large body of Sarmatiaus, V.I10 were on their march to join 

 the Golhs. Gratian himfelf proceeded to Conllantinoplc, 

 where he recalled thofe orthodox bilhops who had been ba- 

 nifhed by Valcns, and he alfo idued fomc edicts relative to 

 the cxercile of religion. ..As Valcns had left no male heirs, 

 his nephew, diliegarding the fuggellions of pcrfonal ambi- 

 tion, filled the vacant throne to the fatistaftion of all, by 

 raifing Theodolius to a llation, for which his talents were 

 peculiarly adapted. This was in the y-"ar379, after which 

 Gratian returned to Italy, and in his journey ho had an op- 

 portunity of being benefited by the intlructions of tl.e ce- 

 lebrated Ambrofe, at Milan, which proved bcnefici.il :o ilic 

 orthodox, but occa.loned new retlrictions upon thofe vsl.o were 

 regarded as fc<;tarieo. After this he continued fur fome 

 length of lime to attend to the defence and concerns of xivr 

 empire, and is highly applauded for alinoll all the amiaSIe 

 qualities which liavc decorated the bcil of lowrcigns. S:iU it 

 was feiu'ed that his good principles wire rather the efloft of 

 able ai:d virtuous advifers, than the fpcnlancoir* refult of 

 fixed habits. What the bell friends to their country feared, 

 proved to be the real fact : he fuddenly fell into iiiares of 

 unmanly pkriures, fpcct much of his linie iu inJol.nce or 



uivolcu^ 



