G R A 



G R A 



into 

 gio 



frivolcms amurcment<!, \vluch proved not only injurious to 

 his fubjefts, but, in the end, ruinous to liimfclf. Hunting 

 became his favourite pai^imc : to enjoy the purfuits of the 

 ohace, he neglected the duties incumbent upon hini, as the 

 fovereign of a great people, and ihofc only became his favour- 

 ites who were (kilful in liunting. He ofiended the more 

 fober part of his fubjeCls, by appearing in the garb of a 

 Scythian warrior, armed with a bow and quivers, and 

 dilcontL-nts were on the very point of emliodying themfclvcs 

 5 a lerious fliape, when a revolt took place among the le- 

 ns of Britain, who, without hehtation, inve!led Slaximus 

 with the imperial diadem. Grati:ui attempted an oppofition ; 

 but iiis own efforts were feeble, and thele even were coun- 

 teratlcd by the treachery of fome of his officers. He had 

 no fooncr unfurled lus banners, and put bimfelf in a warlike 

 poihn-o, than he was deferted by his houlhold troops. He 

 had now no hope, and immediately fled with about 300 

 faithfid troops towards the Alps. All the cities' on his road 

 manifelled evident figns of difloyalty : they even refufed 

 him a fliclter or admilfion into their towns, till he arrived at 

 Lyons. Here, indeed, the gates were opened for his recep- 

 tion, but the hearts of the people were eftrangedto his caufe, 

 and upon the arrival of the cavalry of Maximus, the governor 

 of the city betrayed the depofed emperor into the hands of 

 llie commander, who caufed him to be put to deatli, as he 

 rofe from his lupper. This was in the year 383, after Gra- 

 tian had been on the throne nearly eight years. Gibbon. 

 Univer. Hill. 



Gr.ATIAN, a Benediftine monk, who flourilhed in the 

 twelfth century, was a native of Chiufi, in Tufcany, and em- 

 braced the monallic life at Bologna. Before his time, there 

 iiad been many coUeftions of canons and laws ot the church, 

 but they were fo defeiilive in matter and form, that tluy 

 could not be conveniently explained, or even made ufe 

 of as fyltems of ecclefialtical polity. Gratian undertook 

 the talk of compiling fuch a fyilem, and after more than 

 twenty years' labour he produced, in 1 15 1, an abridgment of 

 canon law, drawn from the letters of the pontiffs, the 

 decrees of the councils, and the writings of the ancient 

 tiottors, which he entitled " Concordantia difcordantium 

 Canonum," or as it has been trandated, " The Coalition of 

 jarring Canons " In a new edition of tliis work, it was called 

 •' Decretum Gratiani," or " Gratian's Decretal.'' By this 

 ■name it is generally known. Upon the firft appearance of 

 the work, 'it received the ilamp of approbation from pope 

 Eugenius IIL, who declared iiinifelf fo fatisfied with its ex- 

 ecution, that he commanded it to be publicly read in the 

 fchools. The profefTors of Bologna were the fird who 

 iinanimoufly adopted it as a text book in their public 

 leftures, and their example was foon followed by tlie pro- 

 feflors of Paris, and, in ihort, by thofe of almolt all tlie 

 European colleges. It is, liowever, faid to be lull of er- 

 rors, and in other refpetts extremely defeftive, but as it was 

 calculated to fup;)ort defpotifm, and to extend the authority 

 of the Roman pontiffs, it was for four centuries appealed to 

 as the Itandavd of eccleriallical law, and even in ages fuc- 

 ceeding that dark period, it has occafionally been quoted 

 with a degree of veneration and authority, to wliicii it has 

 no jull title. It was u fed in MS. till 1472, when it was 

 printed at Mentz, : this edition was followed by impreirions 

 at Venice in 1476, and Paris in 1508. Another edition was 

 printed at Rome under the aufpices of pope Gregory 

 XIII. in four vols. fol. on which a large portion of l.ibour 

 was bellowed in correftiiig its numerous imperfeftions. 

 Anthony AuguRin, archbifhop of Tarragona, in Spain, 

 publifhed a valuable treatife " JDe Emendatione Gratiani,'' 



2 



v. 1 



marck. Illullr. t 

 Dinmh-'ia Monogyn'ia 



of which the bcH edition is that publiflicd at Paris in 1671 

 Moreri. 



GIIATICULATION, a term fome writers ufe for the 

 dividing a draught or deilgn into fquares, in order to the re- 

 ducing it thereby. 



GRATINGS, in a Sh':p, are fmall ledges of fa wed 

 plank, framed one into another like a lattice or prifou 

 grate, lying on the upper deck, between the maia-maft 

 and fore-mall, ferving for a defence in a clofe fight, and 

 alfo for the coolnefs, light, and conveniency of the fliip's 

 company. 



GRATIOLA, in Botuny, the diminutive of gmt'ia, a 

 grace or favour, the h.erb to v>-lnch it is applied having been 

 called, by the earlier botanical or medical writers among the 

 moderns. Gratia Dei, t/je favour of God, becaule of its eini- 

 nent virtues, which liowever are of a violent and cathartic 

 nature. It is one of the plants which have been conjetlured 

 to yield the tinfture called eau medicitmle, fo famous at prc- 

 fent as a cure for His of the gout, but this opinion, it feems, 

 is coiitradifted by the proprietor of the fecret. — Linn. Gen. 

 13. Schreb. 17. WiUd. Sp. PI. v. i. 102. VaU. Enuin. 

 v.' I. 88. Mart. Mill, I)ic5f. v. 2. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 

 42. Bi-own. Nov. Holl. V. I. 43J. .Tuff. i2i. La- 

 6. G.ertn. t. 53 ? — Clafs and order, 

 Nat. Ord. I'crfonats, Linn. Scro- 

 phuliiri.e, Jafl". 



Gen. Ch. Cnl. Perianth inferior, in live deep, awl-fhaped 

 or ovate, upright, permanent fegments. Cw. of one petal, 

 tubular, unequal; tube longer tiian the calyx, angular; 

 limb fmall, in five deep fegments, of which the uppermoil 

 is broadeft, emarginate and rcflexed, the rell ilraiglit and 

 equal. Stain. Filaments four or five, awl-ihaped, ihortev 

 than the corol'a, the two or three lowermoll ihorteil and 

 barren, the two uppermoil attached to the tube of tie 

 corolla; anthei-s roundifli. /"//?. Gcrm> n fnperior, conical; 

 flyle llraight, aul-ihaped; iligma with two lips, clofed 

 after impregnation. Peric. Capfule ovate, pointed, of two 

 cells and four valves, the partition from the inflexed mar- 

 gins at two oppolita lides. Seeds numerous, fmall. 



Elf. Ch Corolla irregular, reverfed. Two ftamens bar- 

 ren. Capfule fuperior, of two cells and four valves, Calvx 

 in five deep fegments. Stigma with two lips. 



I.iiuna?us's gratiola, in the firll edition of Sp. PI. 17, 

 chiefly depended on the original and primary fpecies, the 

 ojjldnaiis, for of the three others there defined, diilia is 

 Capraiia gratioloidfs of the fccond edition, and Lindermin 

 pyx-id^;ria of his Mantiffa 252 ; firginicirui, though in liis 

 jioffcfiion, v.'as made a Gr«//j/rt chiefly on Gronovius's au- 

 tliority; and peritriiiiiii, thougli a genuine Gralio/a, had then 

 probably never beoii feen by Linnxus at all, but was adopt- 

 ed from Feaillce. In the fecond edition G. Jtloiinieria 

 takes place of the diihia, and a wrong Eaft Indian iynonym 

 is annexed to -virgiriiana, but no fnrtlier fpccics are added. 

 In tlie fecond Maiiliira two new ones are defcribed, ro/iin- 

 difc'ia and Ijvpopoidcs, both from the Eall Indies, fo that fix 

 fpecies in all arc enumerated in Sylh Veg. ed. 14. ■ To 

 thtfe Willdenow lias added eight more, cliiefly Eait Indian, 

 prudently declining to adopt three unfccn ones from Wal- 

 ter's Flora Carolini-ina. 'Vahl has far outllepp;d his prc- 

 deceliors, giving 3 ! fpecies in all. Unfortuiratily a great 

 fliare of lliefe were defcribed from dried fpecimens, their 

 genus determined cliiefly by habit, axd tlieir flowers or 

 fruit not fufficiently invelligaled. Indeed fcveral ojf them 

 evidently differ from the original genus in various refpefts. 

 Mr. R. BrowH, a more critical inveftigator, has greatly 

 reduced the genus in queftion, though he has defcribed three 



entirely 



