GREEK LANGUAGE. 



i.*'-Ti, for 7."r, anJ in tlie fulijiinflivc nf verbs in i-, we meet 

 vith Aiwi for :\ir. In Shaiifcrit, a language which has a 

 great limilitudc lo the Greek, fu or fuh means he. 



Ill Arabic the ordinal of tzvo is tan. Hence the Greek 

 dual 1','. or rn:', T-^rr'-Toi, or -tutteth'., /icji /TO5 ira/. The per- 

 I'oiial termination in the plural are all formed from the hngii- 

 lar. Thus =>., by the ar.alogy of the third deelenfion, is 

 SUS-, and in this form it was ufed by the Doric, the moll 

 ancient dialed of (Greece, t-jttojji--, '.Tulv.jj.r,. In the com- 

 mon tongue the linal ■ became corrupted into ■/. The leeond 

 plural is the fame in its origin with that of the lingular te or 

 If, ivTrsT > and the tliird plural is the fame with the third 

 iingular differently contrafted, -.A-,'.yi li'lmt, he places, riGi^i, 

 they jiLice. The tliird of verbs in i is formed trom the third 

 of tliofe in ,ui, with the fubjunelive k annexed, -^u-z-'.-., 

 TiT::i,3-i, which is the iEolic form, and hence in the common 

 tongue, Tvrrro^Ti. The vowel ;, not only in fmgle inllances, 

 but in whole clalfes of words, is changed into c. Thus in the 

 formation of nouns from verbs ts/j^h-, to cut, tou/, afeclion ; 

 in forming the perfect middle, mt'h; to p.rfiiatic, ^:-'ji^=t,and 

 iometimes the perfed aiAive B^'-x^; lo rain, B-lB^oxx ; inform- 

 ing cireumdex fro:n other verbs, '.;!//.i-, to tremMe, Tfoy-v ; 

 bv corruption in Tingle words oJ<ii7:;, si'ovrsf, leelh, yor.y^enu. 

 On the fame principle the vEolic s^^-i became wn. 



The perfonal terminations of the iMperfeCl or pall tenfe 

 in jui, are sv, =,■, -=, !t'.v, !t>,v, .=/x!v, ete, es-zv ; as ii^ieui -Tij -v, 

 ^'i^c-Ey.t i^jt^r-vj, ifXEfctEt Wz-:v, xr-cX'j-Eai E/.t/.\i'-:v. I liele are 

 alfo formed, according to Mr. Jones's theory, without the 

 reduplication, fisEjii e^e-ev, -'o-su.! eJo-sv, rx-i|ui ;,-«-!», KX-j-s/ii 

 rtJ,u-;j. Thefe are hence contrafted either with or without 

 the reduplication ; eti&sev nAm, eSeev eGw, i^m-m i^Avj, e^o-» 

 i<ix-j, ty..KAuvj vm\v; E<XvE» c/.x-jv. By the converfion of e into 

 ', on the principle above illullrated, the perfonal terminations 

 of the verbs in ft., it was that s., i-:, &c. became o), r,, e, m-., 

 iTW, ouEv, ETE, or-/,». Tile lirll perfon lingular in Hebrew is 

 »1Ji^, eni, I. Hence the perfonal termination i or o>. The 

 third plural ss-xj or wxti, is the PerlKiii :^'i^, eefn/i. Hence 

 we read rX-.o^xv in verbs in i, and i-.-.h-Ty.i in verbs in jxi ; but 

 oT'j.:- is contratled in the common tongue into ov ; as ETt/iioo-Kv, 



The fecond aoriil is the fame tenfe with the iinperfeCl, 

 and verbs of the iinperfecl differ fiorn verbs ot the fecond 

 aoriil, not beca-ife they expnils difierent moditieations of 

 pall time, but becanfe they came from difleiviit roots. Thus, 

 from Tn~Ti' and cr-rajw are derived the imperfect ^Tvirtov and 

 <3--ri;ov ; while etj-m and ;cr-x;-<v, in the fecond aoriil, have 

 b-en deduced from the obfoletes -.xj-ttj: and s-ttx^d ; as is the 

 lignilication, fo are the terminations the fame in both. The 

 pluperfect has its perfonal terminations from the imperfect, 

 by annexing the fnbjunftive i in each perfon --r:, e.-, •, &c. siv, 

 E1-, El, &c. The characlerillic of the firll future is o- inferted 

 before the final ^ of the prefent — tu-ti.' or -.I'-x, tjito-d 

 Tali-, 'k'-y-i-, Xs-,!ri', %-^r. And what grammarians call the 

 fecond future, is no other than the firll future, where, after 

 a very general analogy, o- is dropped. Thus, /5acif^, i fut. 

 i3x'lii<ri', ii'j.iij} ; £i!,-^--i>, I fut. Ez;^;3-i', ej(;^Ti', / It'll/ pour ; E^EXaa.', 

 to expel, E|EX/.5-i-, contracted e^eXJ. So -^v-x, faid to be the 

 fecond future, is a rontratlion of tuteti', from the root ii/ff?!'. 

 And this oblervation holds in regard to all other verbs 

 fuppofed to be the fecond future, while, in fadl, no fuch 

 tenfe exills. 



The fubjnndlive mood is derived from the indicative, by 

 changing ■ into r, o and '.v into u, and fubfcribing i where it 

 occurs. It is thus formed, in every tenfe, through the aftive, 

 the palfive, and the middle voice. Thus, tj-t-,, 7i-r=i.-, &c. 

 have given birth to imitiw, tu^tt,;.-, &c. : fo, ia the firll 

 future, Ti/|ii, iv4-s»:', •v\ii, originated Tv4-i', -ivir',:, ivif-f,., 



which is not the firft aorift, as is fnppofl'd by grammaviaru, 

 but the firll future, which is, indeed, proved by its iignilica- 

 tion, as well as by analogv : for, in all inllances this feiife 

 exprelTes a future time, not ablolutely io, but time future in' 

 regard to another verb connected with it in tlie lenience. 

 The optative has its tcnfes, in general, derived (rom the corre- 

 fponding tenfes in the indicative, by changing e into ■> : but 

 the firll perfon, as has been obferved, is derived from verbs 

 in J71 ; as, it lUTTfEyi, ti'Xtei--, ^i'Ttci^x, Tvarioi.-. The tiiird 

 plural, like the third fingular, follows the analogy of verbs 

 in /xi — r'jTTTo.'ii-i:!', contracted ivzrioai ; in the iame manner aj 

 ^otriTocs becomes c'^.i^v. 



The imperative mood, originally in the firll perfon, re- 

 tained £v of the imperlett tenle ; as Xx|3e-, /;■/ me receive. 

 Thence, dropping the final v, it has, in the common tongue» 

 the firll perfon m ; — -.I'w.t. The pronoun ii/, which, iu 

 Perfian, is to added in the form of ra, conllitutes the fecond 

 or third perfon — t-j-tteti-. And is-ai', contracted into j-i>.v, 

 forms the third plural — ru-TETi's-av, which, by dropping o->, 

 is again abridged into •:-...t7tsti,v, erroneoully fuppoled to be- 

 the dual number. When a command is given, it is necef- 

 farily given in the prefent time, and it can be executed, not 

 in X.\k pajl, but in tUx; future. It is impoffible, therefore, i.i 

 reafon, that the imperative mood can have a pa/l tenfe. 

 Thus, T-j-E is the prefent imperative, or that of the fecond 

 future ; and rvlo-j the firll future, not the lirll aoriil. In 

 fome of the dialects , is fubllituted for the fubjuiiftive vowel. 

 On the other hand, the [oniaiis change v, with or without its 

 concomitant vowel, into u. Thus, in the imperfect, for r.j, 

 or Ei», they ufed ek, I was : tor the pluperlec\ sTETi/fsiv or 

 (TetuJev, £7--ifsa, which the Attics contracted into ir^.-.i/Xn ; 

 and in the third perfon plural, of the palTive form, for 

 7UTTMVT0, they write rv—zoixro, and for \s.vtki, xekth. In 

 the fame manner tvIo:; which is faid to be the firll aoriil, 

 but which, in reality, is the firll future, becomes, when rui is 

 added, not TtJ-oini-, but -v],a-sx: From the imperative thus 

 principally ending in ov, we obtain the attic third perfon 

 plural ino»ri" — ru— -ovi'Tiv, noiovj-x-, whicli are contractions of 

 TotowTxtrxv, TVTTTovTacr^ii', tiic lirll bciiig TToiiv or xo.ji'v, and 

 i»-Toy for TK-T?». By the above Ionic analogy, we alfo ob- 

 tain what is called the iEolic firll aorilt, -.vl;iu, which has 

 the perfonal terminations of the firll aoriil indicative. It is 

 thus changed trom -iul-ur.v or Tui-oir,/, uled tor tl- J. <='/''<> in the 

 iame manner as JiX<-,jv,v is for :i?Mtji. 



The infinitive is formed by adopting v.; or, as it is in 

 Hebrew, £»i — tjittev, and by fubjoining i, t.-teu. In the 

 perfeAit has evxi, TET^fE^3i ; but in the lirll aoriil » is dropped 

 — Tu4-^-', probably for -ui,^v.ci, which, alter the analogv of 

 the perfect, would be tv4- !»'-". In the Ionic and .Attic dialeCts, 

 the infinitive, however, is formed from verbs in /j.t, though 

 obfoletc, 'VTTT'.f^i, 'iL'TTEyEv ; See^i, or v=/.(t, -^E/y-Ev ; ^oe^j or ^oui, 

 ^Q|U!» ; Eiyi, / am, eiu-v or ;(uue>. To thele, after the analogy 

 of the perfect, is added zt — rirxEUEvzi, df^Ev/i, injj.'.i^.i, •^ftfAinA. 

 The paffive voice is formed by combining the fubjeft of 

 difcour e with the perlonal pronoun in the dative cafe — jum, 

 o-oi, Toi. Thus oii-.o.Y.(oi, houfe forme; oixo;cr«, houfe for thee ; 

 oixofioi, houfe for him. Thefe combinations, which by a flight 

 change become oim^ojiai, oixi^so-ai, oixi^et^.i, came to convey 

 the idea, / have a houfe, thou hafl a houfe, or / am houfed, 

 thou art houfed. And this is the realon why the palfive form 

 in all authors have cither an aCtive or a palfive lignification, 

 the context alone lerving to afcertain the fenfe of the verb. 

 The dual tov is made palfive by changing t into 5-5 — ri/^rr-r'.;, 

 Tt/iTTEc-'i'yv and not Tviz-ih'.n ; and it is worthy of remark, that 

 in the firll perfon plural 6 takes t before it very frequently, 

 as Ti'rouEjfla for ■n.-ioftESci, and in the imperative 13-O1 fori?(. 

 As the perfonal jnonoun, combined with the radical ' 



word 



I 



