P U T^ 



PUP 



flrike more injurioufly at parties wholly uneoiinefted with 

 the offender, than at himfelf ; befides, that it is by no means 

 inflifted merely with the view of putting courts of jullice 

 on their guard againft admitting a bad witncfs ; for it is 

 often the punifliment of criYncs wliich have no pecuhar con- 

 ueftion with violation of truth. 



Among the evils of complicated punifhments, we may 

 reckon, befides outlawry and incapacitation of givnig 

 evidence, excommunication and felony. Some grofs abufcs 

 having occurred in the infljftion of the punifhment of excom- 

 munication, feveral diftinguifhcd perfons have undertaken 

 to fubftitute other procedure in its place ; and iir W. Scott 

 brought a bill into parliament with this view, fo that the 

 evil is done away. The punifhment of perfons as felons, 

 comprehends a number of iiifliftions very different from 

 each other, fo that our author confiders the punifhing as 

 a felon to be a vague and indefinite term. This compre- 

 hends two defcriptions of punifhment ; the one capital, with 

 forfeiture of lands and chattels ; the other not capital, but 

 conlifting in forfeiture of chattels, and the form of burning 

 in the hand ; to wliich, by fpecial enactment, imprifonment, 

 tranfportation, or indeed any other punifhment, may be 

 fupcradded. It mull be acknowledged, that a much fimpler 

 and better manner of flating the punifhment due to an 

 offence would be, to tell at once of what it is to be com- 

 pofed ; and inftead of enacting that certain offences are 

 felonies, which fpeciiies nothmg, to prohibit them, and 

 flate the precife infiiftions which fnall follow the commif- 

 fion of them. For the general charafter and high com- 

 mendation of the work, wliich has furniflied the preceding 

 materials, we refer to the Edinb. Rev. N^43. p. i— 31. 



PUNISHMEXT, in Theology. It has been difputed among 

 divines, whether the punilhment of the wicked in a future 

 world be flriftly eternal or not. For the arguments on 

 both fides of the queilion, fee Hell. 



PUNITORY Interest, in the Ci-uil Laiu, fuch intereft 

 of money, as is due for the delay of payment, breach of 

 promife, &c. 



PUNK, in Natural Hiftory, the inward part of the ex- 

 crefcence or exuberance of an oak. It is ufed by the In- 

 dians in Virginia for m -dicinal burning, as the Eall Indians 

 ufe moxa. Phil. Tranf. No. 454. fed. i. 



PUNN. S-^e Pln". 



PUNO, in Geography, a town of Peru, now annexed to 

 the viceroyalty of La Plata or Buenos Ayres, and capital 

 of a diftrict of the fame name, called alfo PaucarcoUa ( not 

 Paucarcotta, as it is mifprintcd in that article). It is a rich 

 and populous town, fituated on the "W. fide of the lake 

 Titicaca, and containing fome illullrious families, as well 

 as a beautiful church for the Spaniards, and another for the 

 Indians, who weave great quantities of coarfe cloth, with 

 which they fupply the neighbouring countries. S. lat. 16° 

 Zd. W. long. 70° 26'. 



PUNT, in Sea Language, a fort of oblong flat-bottomed 

 boat, with a fquare head and ffern, whofe floor refembles 

 tlie platform of a floating flage ; and ufed by fhip-wrights 

 for breaming, caulking, or repairing a (hip's bottom. It 

 is alfo ufed in fome canals. 



PUNTA, in Geography, a town of South America, in 

 the audience of Quito, and jurifdiftion of Guayaquil. 



PuNTA, La, a town of Mexico, in the province of New 

 .Bifcay ; 40 miles N.N.E. of Durango. 



PuNTA is alfo an epithet, diilinguifhing feverd capes, 

 which are too numerous to be here recited ; and this is the 

 lef? neccflary, as the principal of them occur under other 

 .i[)propriate titles. 

 5 



PuKTA Entoniada, a town on the N. coatt of Spain, N. 

 lat. 43" 34'. W. long. 5° 30'. 



Pl/nta delGuda, a fta-port and capital of St. Michael, 

 one of the Azores, defended by a caftle. 



PuNTA de Tordera, a town and cape of Spain, on the 

 coafl of Catalonia. N,, lat. 41° 38'. E. long. 2° 37'. 



PUNTO del Monte, a town of South America, in the 

 province of Cordova ; 1 5 miles S. -of Cordova. 



PUNUGGA, a village of Bootan, fituated in a deep 

 hollow, and furroiinded with mountains, for the molt part 

 covered with pines, along whofe fides clouds are perpetually 

 hovering. On the borders of this village are many large 

 heaps of fir-leaves, which being left to ferment and rot, arc 

 ufed as excellent manure. 



PUNUNAGUR, a town of Bengal ; 10 miles W. of 

 Nattore. 



PUNWARY, a town of Hindooftan, in the circar of 

 Gohud ; 18 miles E. of Raat. 



PUOI^.A.NGO, a town of Sweden, in the government 

 of Ulea ; 40 miles S. of Cajana. 



PUPA, in Natural Hiftory, a name lately fubftituted in 

 the room of chryfahs or aureha, bccaufe many infefts in 

 this flate rei'emblc an infant in fwaddling clothes ; and all, 

 except thofe of the hemiptera order, take no nourilhment. 

 See Entomology. 



PUPIGLIO, in Geography, a town of Etruria ; 10 

 miles N. of Piftoia. 



PUPIL, Pl'pillus, in the Ci-uil Law, a boy or girl not 

 yet ari-ived at the age of puberty, i. e. under fourteen years 

 of age for the boy, and under twelve for the girl. 



While a minor remained under the direction of a tutor, 

 he was called a pupil ; after puberty, a curator being af- 

 figned him, he ceafed to be called a pupil. 



A tutor is obliged to pay intereft for what monies of his 

 pupil lie idle and unemployed. A tutor is allowed to do 

 any thing for his pupil, but nothing againft him. 



PuriL is alfo ufed by way of extenfjon, in Univerfities, 

 Sec. in the fenfe of alumnus, for a youth under the education 

 or difcipline of any one. 



Pl'PIL, in Anatomy, the round opening in the iris, by 

 which the rays of light are admitted into the eye. See 

 Eve. 



Pupil, in Optics. It is obferved, that as we are forced 

 to ufe various apertures to our optic glafles, fo nature has 

 made a like provifion in the eves of animals, whereby to 

 fhnt out too much, and admit fufficient light, by the changes 

 in the aperture of the pupil. 



The ilruCture of the uvea and iris is fuch, as that, by 

 their aperture, the pupil is contradtible and dilatable at 

 pleafure, fo as to accommodate itfelf to objefts, and to 

 admit more or fewer rays, as the objeft, being either more 

 vivid and near, or more obfcure and remote, requires more 

 or lefs light : it being a conftant law, that the more lumi- 

 nous the objedt, the fmaller tlie pupil ; and again, the nearer 

 the object, the fmall;r the pupil ; and vice -vcrfa. 



This fact has been long ago noticed by optical writers. 

 B. Porta, about the middle of the fixteenth century, in 

 his treatife De Refractione, p. 74, obferves, that the pupil 

 is contradted involuntarily when it is expqjed to a ftrong 

 hght, and opens of itfelf when the light is fmall. A fimi- 

 lar obf.-rvatiOii was made by his countryman and contempo- 

 rary. Father Paul of Venice. Galen, indeed, firft obferved 

 the dilatation of tlie pupil of one eye, when the other wr.s 

 fhut or loft, and the contraitien of it, when the other was 

 opened or recovered ; and in this opinion he was followed 

 by all naturalifts and philofophers, till Fabricius ab Aqua- 

 pendeiitc, profelTor at Padua, by obferving the eye of a cat, 



found 



