PUP 



PUR 



ternaturally dilated. In all fuch cafes, the only indication is 

 to endeavour to remove the original difeafe, of which the 

 inydriafis is merely a fymptom. 



In the cale where mydriafis is to be regarded as the 

 only diforder, the complaint feems to depend upon a weak- 

 nefs or paralyfis of the fibres which clofe the pupil. Here 

 it is commonly the coniequence of apoplexy, a blow on the 

 eye, or a violent and fudden diftention of the pupil, as, for 

 example, fometimes happens in the extraftion of a cataract. 

 When the difeafe is of long {landing, there is little hope of 

 cure, whatever may be the caufe from which the complaint 

 arifes. When it is recent, the pupil will fometimes regahi 

 the power of moving and contrafting under the ufe of inter- 

 nal and external ftimulating tonic remedies. The chief 

 means of this ciafs are, blilters applied to the eye-brows, 

 ethereal oil rubbed into the flcin around the orbit, eleftricity, 

 emetic medicines in fmall and full dofes, and other fimilar 

 remedies, whicli arc ufually prefcribed for the rehef of 

 paralytic affeftions of other parts. When thefe means 

 prove unavaihng, the praftitioner mull be content with 

 recommending a palliative plan, which will be prefently 

 noticed. 



As the pupil natur;dly dilates in the dark, it follows, that 

 when a perfon is kept a long while away from the light, a 

 mydriafis ex conjududine is produced, the pupil becoming ha- 

 bituated to tlie expanded itate, and lofing the power of con- 

 traftion. In moft inllances, it gradually recovers its motion 

 after the eye has been for a certain time expofed to the light 

 again. The light, however, mull be allowed to get to the 

 eye only by degrees, or elfe its fudden operation on the eye, 

 in the expanded ftate of the pupil, would be apt to impair, 

 or even dellroy vifion altogether. When the pupil does not 

 recover its power of motion, the patient mull be fatisfied 

 with reforting to palliative means. It has been remarked, 

 that mydriafis is fometimes a congenital defeA. All attempts 

 at a radical cure mull here be attended with extreme difficulty. 

 When the light cannot be endured without inconvenience, 

 the palliative plan is necellary. A blow on the eye fometimes ' 

 tears the pupil. The rent mollly remains open, and the 

 patient is in the fame Hate as if affefted with mydriafis. 

 Here, as the laceration cannot be repaired, the indication 

 is to prevent, by palliative means, vifion from being hurt by 

 the too great ftrength of the light. 



Tlu:ough a preternaturally dilated pupil the light enters the 

 eye in fuch quantity, that the patient is blinded. He not 

 only fees things very indiflinftly in light places, but he alfo 

 runs a rifle of being gradually entirely deprived of vifion, in 

 confequcnce of the too llrong aftion of the light upon the eye. 

 The prevention of fuch mifchief is the objedl of the palliative 

 treatment. By it the light which falls upon the eye is to 

 be diminiihed, fo that the patient may be enabled to fee not 

 only plainly and without inconvenience in light places, but 

 alfo without any danger of lofing his fight altogether. 

 The ufual means recommended for this purpofe are, eye- 

 fhades, by which the light, coming principally from above, 

 is kept from entering the eye ; bbick veils over the face ; 

 green fpeftacles, which lefien the quantity of rays of light 

 coming from objctls which the patient is looking at ; fpec- 

 tacles made with black cards, in the centre of which is left 

 an opening of the fize of the natural pupil. But the belt 

 and moil proper means is a pair of tube-fpeftacles. This is 

 a common pair of Ipeclacles, which, inllead of glades, has 

 adapted to its two rings two conical tubes, the bafes of which 

 are to be put towards the eyes, and the narrower parts to- 

 wards the objedls whicli are looked at. Thefe tubes ought 

 to be made of black leather, and they fliould be three or four 



inches long. Their diameter at the bafe mud be equal that 

 of the circumference of the orbit ; but their other ends need 

 not be quite fo wide. The edge of their bafes is to be cut 

 in fuch a way, that they will fit clofely on the circumference 

 of the orbit. The ufe of thefe tubes confiils in their keep- 

 ing off all the rays of fight coming laterally, and only ad- 

 mitting thoft.- into the eye, which proceed from objects in tlie 

 axis of viiioii. Every furgeon will be able, according to 

 circumllances, to multiply and vary the contrivance here de- 

 fcribed. See Richter's Anfangfgr. dcr Wundarzneykunil, 

 band %. kap. lo. 



PUPILLAIIIS Membuana, in Anatomy, a circular 

 membrane, by which the pupil is doled during the greater 

 part of utero-gellation. Sec EvK. 



PUPILLARITY, or Pupillage, tUettate of a pupil; 

 in oppofition to puberty. 



PUPPET, in Natural Hijlory. See AuKCLlA. 



PUPPIiSOS, a name given by fome authors to the os 

 frontis. The future in this bone is alfo called by many ana- 

 tomills \\\t futura pupp'ts. 



PUPPOLA, in Geography, a town of Siveden, in the 

 government of Ulea ; 45 miles S. of Ulea. 



PUPULiE, a name ufed by fome to cxprefs the extre- 

 mities of the fingers. 



PUR, in Geography, a river of RulTia, which runs into 

 the Tazovfl<aia gull. N. lat. 67^ 40'. E. long. 78"^ 34'. 



Pur autre vie, in our Law-Books, is ufed where lands 

 are held for the life of another. See Occupakt, and 



TeN'AN'T. 



PURA Ekemofyna, pure alms, denotes a tenure, whereby 

 the churchmen hold lands in Scotland, fomewhat on the 

 footing of the primitive clergy. 



PuRA Hajla. See Hasta. 



PURALLA Bay, in Geography, a bay on the coaft of 

 Chili. S. lat. 42° 10'. 



PURANA, the common name of a feries of poetical ro- 

 mances, confidered among the Hindoos as facred works, 

 the offspring of infpired writers, communicated for the in- 

 flruclion and benefit of mankind. They are afcribed, in their 

 prefent form, to a celebrated man in the literary hiftory of 

 the Hindoos, whom they call Vyafa. (SeeVvASA.) He is 

 fuppofed to have reduced an immenfe mafs of infpired writ- 

 ings into eighteen works, and to have arranged them as they 

 now appear. The foUowiiig are the titL s of thefe eighteen 

 books, to which the common denomination of Purana is ap- 

 pended when fpoken of or referred to. i . Brahm, or the Great 

 One. 2. Padma, or the lotos. 3. Brahmanda. 4. Agni, 

 or fire. 5. Vifhnu. 6. Garuda. 7. The transformations 

 of Brahma. S.Siva. 9. Linga. 10. Nareda. II. Skan- 

 da. 12. Markaiideya, or the immortal man. 13. Bhawifhya, 

 or the prediAion of futurity. 14. Matfya. 15. Varaha. 

 16. Kurma. 17. Vamana. 18. Bhagavata. Of thefe, the 

 firfl four relate to cofmogony ; the next nine to the attri- 

 butes and powers of the Deity. The fixth is named after the 

 vehicle or bird of Viflinu, called Superna, as well as Garuda. 

 (See SuPERNA.) See Linga, for the myfterious fymbol 

 whence the ninth derives its name. Nareda, whofe laws 

 and hillory are detailed in the tenth, is a mythological 

 fon of Brahma. Skanda, the hero of the eleventh, is 

 a name of Kartihya ; fee that article. The fourteenth 

 and three follovnng relate the hiftories of four of the 

 principal incarnations of Viflinu the preferver, called Mat- 

 Jyavalara, f^arahavatara, Kurmavatara, and Vamanava- 

 tara. Under thefe articles rcfpeclively will be found a brief 

 notice of the outline of their hiftories. The eighteenth, 

 called Sri Bhagavata, is tlie life of Krifhna, (fee Krishka,) 



with 



