PVR U.S. 



and in the autumn, winter, or fpring following, the largelt 

 may be planted out in nurfcry-rows, fhortcniug their tap- 

 roots a little, and placing tlicm in lines two feet and a half 

 •■funder, to remain for grafting : after having from one to 

 two or three years' growth, they will be lit for grafting 

 upon, particularly for dwarfs, or even for full and halt 

 flandards, if intended to form the ftem from the graft, 

 which is an eligible method for thefe trees ; but if the ftock 

 is to form the ftem, they require three or four years' 

 growtli, to rife to a proper height, feven feet for full, 

 and four or five for half itandards. The modes of grafting 

 all the forts is the fame as for other fruit-trees, and (hould 

 be performed in March, either by whip or cleft -grafting, ac- 

 cording to the fi;5c of the ftock. See GnAFTiNG. 



Having provided proper grafts of the diflerent forts of 

 apples intended to be raifed, the ilocks defigncd for dwarfs 

 of all forts muft be grafted within fix inches of the groinid ; 

 and the ftandards may alfo be grafted low, one (lioot from 

 the graft being trained up for a ftem, or on tall ftocks, at 

 five or fix feet in height, but for low and half ftandards, 

 at from two or three, to four or five feet, and lower for 

 dwarf ftandards. The grafts of all the forts ftioot the 

 fame year ; and, by the autumn following, the trees having 

 formed little heads, confifting of two, three, or four (hoots, 

 may then be planted out finally where they are to remain, or 

 be retained a year or two, or longer, in the nurfery, as may 

 be requifite, training them for the purpofes intended, as 

 dwarfs, efpaliers, &c. &c., and uprights for ftandards, 

 heading the dwarfs down in March following, within fin 

 inches of the graft, to force out more lateral ftioots below 

 to form a fuller head, proceeding immediately to turn them 

 near the bottom, fo as to fill the efpalier, &c. equally 

 with branches, quite from within fix or eight inches of 

 the ground, regularly upward. In the ftandards, thofe 

 grafted low mult be trained with one ftioot upright, at 

 full length, for a ftem, five or fix feet high at leaft, for full 

 ftandards bt:fore it is topped ; though if grafted on tall 

 ftocks of height fufficient for a ftem, the ftioots from the 

 graft may either be headed to five or fix eyes; or, if to 

 form a more fpreading head, remain entire, and afpire 

 more in height, and affume a more upright growth : in 

 all the modes of training, care ftiould be taken to keep 

 the ftems clear from all lateral ftioots, difplacing all fuch as 

 foon as they appear, encouraging only a proper fet of 

 branches at top to form the head. When thefe trees have 

 tinue tile different varieties of them, which is performed heads from one to two or three years old from the graft, 

 upon crab, or any kind of apple ftocks, raifed from the they are of a proper age for planting out; though trees 

 kernels, for dwarfs as well as ftandards : and fometimes of four or five years old will alfo fucceed very well, and 

 upon codlin and paradife apple ftock;; raifed from cuttings even thofe of fix or eight years' grov.-th may alfo be fafely 

 and layers, when defigned to have efpaliers and other dwarf planted if required. The nurfery-grounds are moltly fur 

 trees, or for fmall ftandards, as low as pofiible, to be con- 

 fined within a moderate fpr.ce : fome forts may alfo be 



to keep fome time, may be gathered in dry weather, iuft 

 when they have attained full growth, as ftiewn by their 

 frequent dropping, and by their readily quitting the trees 

 on being handled, and laid in a dry clofe room, or in bafliets, 

 each fort feparately. 



The winter kinds attsin their full growth on the trees 

 about the end of Oftober or beginning of Novem.ber ; but 

 the eatable kinds do not acquire maturity for that purpofe 

 on the tree, or for fome confiderable time after they are 

 gathered, fome probably in a month, others two or three, 

 and fome more, and fome forts not till the fpring following. 

 But the baking kinds may be ufed any time from Oc- 

 tober or November during their continuance. All winter 

 pears ftiould be indulged with as full growth on the tree as 

 the weather will permit, even until tiie end of Oftober,. 

 or firft week in November, in the later kinds, if the feafon 

 continues mild : be cautious, however, to get them gathered 

 before attacked by much froft. And in gathering all the 

 forts for keeping, dry weather ftiould be chofen, and when 

 the fruit is alfo quite dry, being careful not to bruife them. 

 See FltuiT. 



Method of Forcing Pears.— Thck forts of trees are 

 fometimes forced by artificial heat, in fome of the prime 

 early kinds, to obtain a portion of fruit as early in the lea- 

 fon as pofiible. This is eft'cfted by means of hot-walls and 

 forcing-frames; having previoufly fome trees of thechoiceft 

 early fummer pears, fuch as the jargonelle, or any other 

 early fort, trained as wall-trees againft a foutli wall, till ad- 

 vanced to fome tolerable Itate of bearing ; being then in- 

 clofed with glafs frames, in the manner of forcing-frames 

 or hot-walls, and having internally either flues for firc- 

 heat, erefted forward and extending long-ways, or other- 

 wife a pit arranged in that direftion, in the interval or fpace 

 between the trees and tlie glafs-work, for a bark or dung 

 hot-bed ; and by one or other of thefe methods a proper 

 degree of artificial heat is produced internally to force an 

 early growth in the trees, and forward them to early flower^ 

 ing and fruiting, managing them in the common way, as 

 other trees in forcing-frames, fo as to have fome ripe fruit 

 early in June, or fome time in that month. 



Method of Culture in the Apple Kind. — The whole of the 

 varieties of the apple were firft accidentally obtained by 

 raifing them from the kernels of 'the fruit; but as thefe 

 cannot be depended tipon to continue the fame fort of 

 fruit, grafting is the mode made ufe of to increafe and con- 



raifed by layers and cuttings, as tbe coreimon codlin. 



Stocls. — The method of raifing the different forts of 

 ftocks for the purpofe is, in the crab and apple ftocks, 

 from the kernels of the fruit ; but in the codUii and pa- 

 radife ftocks by cuttina;s and layers, to continue them with 

 certainty of the fame kinds and moderate growths. The 

 crab and apple ftocks may be raifed from the kernels of any 

 of the forts, procuring them in autumn or winter, either 

 from the fruit, or from fuch as have been preffed for ver- 

 juice and cider, clearing them from the .groffeft part of 

 the pulp ; then fowing them in beds of light earth, mo- 

 derately thick, over the bed, or in drills, covering them 

 about an inch deep. They come up in the fpring ; when, 

 if the feafon prove dry, they ftiould be watered occafion- 

 ally, to forward and ftrengthen the growth of the plants ; 



niftied with all the varieties of thefe trees for fale, either 

 quite young from the graft, or trained of feveral years' 

 growth. 



Choice of Trees. — In choofing the different kinds of trees 

 for planting, care ftiould be taken to have a collettion of 

 the principal varieties, both in efpaliers and Itandards, in 

 proportion to the extent of the ground, as the trees of 

 the bell forts are as eafily raifed and cultivated as the in- 

 different ones, allotting a fmaller portion of the fummer 

 kinds, as fuch as ripen from Auguft to about the middle of 

 September, for immediate ufe off the trees, as they will 

 not keep long ; a larger fupply of the autumn forts, and 

 moft of all of the winter keeping apples : obferving, in the 

 fummer kinds, that it is advifable to allot a principal fupply 

 of the common codlin in fmall ftandards, as being generally 

 both a great bearer, and the fruit the molt ufeful of the 

 fummer apples for culinary purpofes, from its young green 



growth 



