QUADRUPEDS. 



petls is, ■that Uiey have a hairy body and four feet, and that 

 ihc fimalos are viviparous, and give fuck to their young. 



Quadrupeds are didiriguilhcd, by the number of their 

 feet, from otiier animals, which have only two feet, as birds; 

 from thofe which have no feet, as hfhes and reptiles ; and 

 from thol'' which have more than two feet, as infefts. 



Ariliolle didributes quadrupeds into three clailes ; deno- 

 minating thofe whole feet are terminated by a hoof in one 

 piece, folipccles; thoi'e which have a cloven hoof he diftin- 

 guifhed by the name of forked or cloven-footed ; and thofe 

 whofe feet are digitated he called Jiffipeiies. With this ge- 

 neral divifion he contented himlell, without dcfcendmg to 

 li methodical diltribution of each clafs into their fevcral 

 'orders, genera, ?cc. Gefner, Aldrovand, Jonfton, and 

 many other naturalifts, have adopted the diftribution of 

 Ariltotle : but we are indebted ior the regular fyftematic 

 arrano-ement of quadrupeds to Mr. Ray, who jniblilhed hjs 

 *' Synopfis Mcthodica Animalium Quadrupedum et Serpentini 

 generis," &c. in 1693. According to this writer, quadru- 

 peds .Te divided into thofe which are hoofed, ungu/ata ; and 

 thofe which are clawed, or digitate, unguiculata. 



Quadrupeds, Hnnfed, are either, 



1. Whoh-hoefed, frilipeda, fj.a.-.ayn'kxf fi.uiv^c., folidungula; 

 as the horfe and afs, the onager or wdd afs, the mule ; and 

 the zebra of Africa, or the fine ftripcd Indian or African 

 afs, almoll like a mule in form and Itature. 



Of the whole-hoofed kind, Ariilotle has obferved, that 

 no one hath two horns (he might have faid any horns) ; no 

 one hath the talus, or altragalus ; nor have the males any 

 appearance of teats. 



2. Clo'oen-footed : and that either, i. Into two divifions 

 only ; as the 'i^x^Xn., or bifulcate kind ; which are again 

 fubdividcd into fuch as are, 



Firft, Ruminant, ^iKfuxa^oaltr, that is, fuch as chew the 

 Cud ; and thefe either have hollow and perpetual horns, as 

 the bull, fheep, and goat kind ; or deciduous horns, as the 

 hart and deer kind, which ufually fhcd their horns annually. 



Of the bull kind are reckoned thefe ; the common bos or 

 bullock, of which the male is taurus, the female vacca ; the 

 German urus, urochs, or aurochs ; the bifon ; the bonafus ; 

 the bubalus, or bufalo ; and the bos Africanus of Bellonius, 

 Obf. lib. ii. c. 50. which he takes to be the bub.alus of the 

 ancients. 



Of ilicjheep kind, befides the common fort, are reckoned 

 the Arabian ovis laticauda, whofe tail is fometimes of thirty 

 pounds weight ; the ovis ftrepficeros Cretica Bellonii ; the 

 ovis Africana, with fliort hair inftead of wool ; and the ovis 

 Guineenfis, or Angolenfis, of Marcgrave, Hill. Brafil. 

 lib. vi, c. 10. 



Of the goat kind are, befides the common capra doraef- 

 tica, the ibex, or German fteinbock, found on the tops of 

 the alps ; the rupicapra, French chamois, or German gems ; 

 the gazella Africana, or antelope ; the gazella Indica ; the 

 gazella Africana with fhorter, annulated, and bent horns ; 

 the capra fylveftris Africana Grimmii; the capra Mambrina, 

 or Syriaca of Gfcfner ; the bucephalus, or mofchelaphus 

 Caii, in Gefner ; the tragelaphus Caii, in Gefp.er ; and the 

 tragelaphus of Bellonius. 



Of the hart, or deer kind, are reckoned, the cervus, AaZoc, 

 Or red deer ; the cervus platyceros, or p;dmatus, the fallow 

 deer ; alee, or the elk ; rangifer, the rein deer ; the axis 

 Plinii, according to Bellonius ; the caprea Plinii, the cu- 

 guacu-ete, and cuguacu-apara, of Marcgrave ; the caprea 

 Groenlandica. 



Secondly, of animals whofe feet are divided into two 

 parts only, and which do not chew the cud, there is only 

 the hog and fwiae kind. Under this head, befides the com- 



mon fwine, are reckoned the wild boar, or fwine ; the Gui- 

 neenfis Maicgravii ; the porcus Indicus, or babyroufl'a; the 

 tajacu or aper Mexicanus mofchiferus of Dr. Tyfon, called, 

 I, y Marcgrave, tajacu caaigoara ; by others, quauhtla coy- 

 matl, and quapizotl ; and by Acolta, and fome others, 

 zaino. 



2. There arc fome quadrupeds, whofe hoof is cloven into 

 four divifions, and thefe f-em to be not ruminant ; as the 

 rhinoceros, the hippopotamus, the tapijerete of Brafil, the 

 capy-bara ot Brafil, and the animal mofchiferum. 



QuADUUi'EDs, Cla-wed or Digitate. Of this kind, there 

 is, firft, a fort whofe claws are not divided or leparated, 

 but adhere to one another, and are covered with one com- 

 mon flcin, but with obtufe nails, flicking out round the 

 margin of the foot ; as the elephant, which is anomalous, 

 and not clearly referrible to this kind, or to that of cloven- 

 footed quadrupeds. 



A fecond fpecies of this digitate kind of quadrupeds, 

 which has only two claws, is the camel ; and though thefe 

 have no horns, they both rumiaate, and have alfo the four 

 flomachs of horned ruminant animals. 



Of the camel there are two forts ; one having but one 

 hunch on the back, the other two. 



To this kind alfo belong the Peruvian glama, which fome 

 have reckoned among the (hecp kind ; as alfo the pacos, the 

 ovis Indica, or Peruviana vulgo, which is much lefs than 

 the sflama. 



o _ . - . 



A third fpecies of this unguiculate kind includes fuch 

 animals as the Greeks called IWAunx^, and A/9fa.-5r'y(uof J«, 

 which have the foot divided into many claws, with broad 

 nails on them ; as the ape and monkey kind. 



Of thefe, fome have no tails, and are called fimise, or 

 apes ; others have tails, and are called monkies, cercopitheci ; 

 and fuch as have either long or {hort tails, if they are of a 

 larger fize, are called papiones, or baboons. There are great 

 numbers and varieties of this fpecies of quadrupeds ; of 

 which naturalifts have defcribed thefe, i>;z. the orang-outang, 

 or homo fylveilris of Dr. Tyfon, defcribed by him in a par- 

 ticular difcourfc ; the guariba of Brafil, Marcgravii ; the 

 cagui of Brafil, greater and lefier ; the cay of the fame re- 

 gion, defcribed by Lerius ; the caitaia of the fame country ; 

 the cercopithecus barbatus Guineenfis, two or three forts of 

 it ; the cercopithecus Angolenfis major ; the' cercopithecus 

 non barbatus Clufii ; the cercopithecus Cluf. called fagouin. 

 Laftly, if apes and monkies have their fnouts very promi- 

 nent, like dogs, they are called cynocephali. 



A fourth fpecies of this unguiculate kind is, when, 

 though the claws are many, yet tliey are not covered at the 

 end with broad flat nails, like monkies or apes ; but are 

 rather like the talons of hawks, &c. crooked and (harp- 

 pointed. 



Thefe, in refpeft of their teeth, may be divided into fuch as 

 have many dentes primores, or incifores (that is, cutting teeth) 

 in each jaw, of which there are two forts ; a greater, which 

 either have a (hort, round head, as the cat kind ; or a lefler 

 fort, having a long flendcr body, with very (liort legs, as the 

 weafel or vermin kind. There are alfo fome of this fpecies 

 of quadrupeds which have only two large remarkable teeth 

 in each jaw : thefe are the hare kind ; and thefe live only 

 upon herbs, grafs, &c. 



Of the cat kind of quadrupeds are reckoned to be the 

 lion ; the tyger ; the pardalis, whofe male is pardus, and 

 female panthera ; the leopard ; the lupus cervarius, or lynx ; 

 the catus pardus, or cat-a-mountain ; the common cat ; and 

 the bear. 



Of the dog kind arc reckoned the wolf ; the lupus au- 

 reus, orjackall ; befides the eommon dog, of which kind 



they 



