QUADRUPEDS. 



they enumerate the maftive, or mafliflF; the canis venaticus 

 Graius, Graecus, or Scoticus, the greyhound; Graius 

 Hiberniciis, or the Irilh gieyhouiid ; the caiiis venations 

 fagax, indag.ilor, feftator ferarum, &c. the liound ; cania 

 veiiaticus Hilpanicus, or aviarius, the fpaniel for land or 

 water ; vertagiis, or tumbler ; canis OiKtuioi, or domefticus, 

 the houfc-dog; canis mehtieus, or the lap-dog; canis 

 Getuhis, or Idandicus, the fliock : and of all thefe forts 

 there are many varieties of mongrels, and l)ybridous breeds. 



Other fpcci - of the dog kind are, the fox ; the animal 

 xibethicum, k,< • ivet-cat, as it is corruptly called, but by its 

 teeth and fnout is plainly of the dog tribe ; the American 

 coati, orrackoon, orrattoon ; the yzquiepati; the carigueya, 

 maritucaca, carigoy, ropoza, or opcfrum ; the taiubi ; the 

 taxus, or meles, the badger, grey, or pate ; the lutra, or 

 otter. To thefe fome add the phoca, fca-calf or leal ; the 

 equus marinus, niorle, or fea-horfe, niitlaken by fome for 

 the hippopotamus ; the Dutch call him walrus, the Danes 

 and Icelanders rolmaf us ; lallly, the manati, or vacca marina, 

 the fea-cow. 



Of the vermin, or •weafel kind of quadrupeds, is, firft, 

 the niuftela vulgaris, the common weafel, in Yorkfhire called 

 foumart, or fitchet, ycfX'.r, : the viverra Indica, called quil 

 and quirpcle ; another fort called mungo, and mungathia, 

 of a ixddidi-grey ; the muilela, ermine, or float, and muf- 

 tela fylveftris, the ferret ; pu tonus, the pole-cat ; martes, 

 or foyna, the martin, or martlet ; muftella zibellina, the 

 fable: lallly, the gen'tta ; and the ichneumon Bellonii. 



Of the bare kind of quadj-upeds are, firft, lepus, or the 

 common hare ; cunieulur,, the rabb'-t, or coney ; tapeti, or 

 Brafil coney, and the aperea of Braiil ; the hyilrix, or por- 

 cupine, and the hyilrix Americanus, or cuanda of Braiil; 

 callor, fiber, or the beaver ; fciiirus vulg. or fquirrel ; the 

 Virginian, Zeylandic, Barbary, and America., flying fquirrel ; 

 mus domefticus, major and minor, the common rat and 

 moufe : to thefe alfo may be referred mus major aquaticus, 

 the water-rat ; the muili-rat, mus avellanarum, major and 

 minor ; the dormoufe or fleeper, mus Noricus, Cricetus, 

 Alpinus, feu marmotta ; the cavia cobaya, or cuniculus 

 Americanus, the Guinea-pig ; the aguti, and paca of Brafil ; 

 the mus Norwcgicus, or leming ; the glis Gefneri, or the 

 rell ; the mus Indicus, Sec. 



Quadrupeds, Anomalous- To thefe fevcral kinds, the 

 following anomalous ones muft alfo be added : 



1. Such four-footed viviparous animals as have a longifh 

 fnout, with their feet divided into iv.any claws, and toes, and 

 having teeth ; as the echinus terreilris, or common urchin, 

 or hedge-hog ; erinaceus Indicus aibus ; tatu or armadillo 

 prima of Marcgrave; tatuete of Brafil, or the fecond fpccies 

 of the armadillo, according to Marc.:;rave ; tatu apara, his 

 third fpecies of armadillo ; tatu muitehnus, Soc. Reg. Muf. 

 the weafel-headed armadillo ; talpa, the molewarp, or mold- 

 tvarp ; and the mus aranens, threw, hardy flirew, fhrew- 

 moufe. 



2. Quadrupedous and viviparous animals with a longifh 

 fnout, having their feet divided into many claws or toes, 

 but without teeth ; as the tamaiidua guacu of Brafil, 

 Marcgravii, urfus formicarius Cardani, the great ant- 

 iear ; the tamandua of Brafil, or Marcgrave, the leller 

 ant-bear. 



3. Anomalous flying quadrupeds, with a (horter fnout, 

 and their feet divided as above ; being of the bat kind, or 

 flitter-mice, of which there are leveral iizes, and of different 

 forms. 



4. There is one very anomalous animal, which has but 

 three claws on each foot ; and that is the ai or igiiavus of 

 Marcgrave, the floth or llu^gard. 



5. Viviparous and fanguineous quadrupeds, breathing 

 with lungs, but Iiaving only one ventricle in the heart ; as 

 the raiia aqu-atica, the frog, or frolh ; rana arborca, feu ra- 

 nunculus viridis, the fmali tree or green frog ; bufo, five 

 rubeta, the toad ; tcftudo, the tortoife, in Greek %<X>iv) ; of 

 thefe there are land and water ones, and many different fpecie* 

 in foreign parts. 



6. Oviparous quadrupeds, with a long tail ft retched out 

 horizontally. Such are the lizard kind ; as lacerius omnium 

 maximus, the crocodile ; cordylus, five caudiverbera, uro- 

 maflrix Griecis, larger than the green h'zard ; tapayaxin 

 Novx Hifpaniae, or lacertus orbicularis of Hernandez ; lacer- 

 tU3 vulgaris, tiie common eft, fwift, or newt ; lacertus viri- 

 dis, the green lizard ; lacertus fucetanus Aldrovandi, at 

 Rome and Naples called the tarantula ; lacertus Indicus, 

 called fenembi and •'^uana ; lacertus Brafilienfis, called teju- 

 guacu, and tcmapara by Marcgrave ; the taraguira ameiva, 

 taraguico Arcuraba, Americima, Curapopcba, Teiunhana, 

 <cc. of Marcgrave ; the lacertus Indicus ; the fcincus, or 

 crocodilus terreflris ; the feps, or lacerta chalcidica, a kind 

 of footed ferpent ; ftellio, the fwift, or fpotted lizard ; fala- 

 mandra, called the falamandra aquatica, the water-eft, lacerta 

 volans Indica ; and the chamasleo, or cameleon. 



This fyftem of Mr. Ray obtained very generally among 

 naturahfts, till, in the year 1735, LinnEus firft publiflied 

 his fyftem. This was followed by feveral others, varying 

 in the arrangement of the animal kingdom, even to the laft 

 edition of 1767. Under the clafs, which he denominates 

 Mammalia, (which fee,) he comprehends not only all the 

 animals which we call quadrupeds (the lizard genus, or ra- 

 ther the reptiles pedati excepted), but alfo the cetaceous 

 order, or wiiales, cachalots, and porpefl'es : juftifying this 

 arrangement of whales with quadrupeds, from the agreement 

 of thefe animals in the ilrudlure of the heart, in the refpira- 

 tion by means of lungs, in their having moveable eye-lids 

 and ears, in being viviparous, furnifhed with teeth, and other 

 particulars, by whicli they differ fo materially from fifhes, as 

 more than to counterbalance their living with them in the 

 fame element. The majnmalia are divided into feven orders, 

 the diftinclions of which are principally eflabhflied on the 

 difference in the numbers, fituation, and form of the three kinds 

 of teeth, 'VIZ,, the primores or incifores, called fore-teeth, or 

 cutting-teeth; the laniarii or canini, called dog-teeth, canine 

 or lacerating teeth ; and the molares, double teeth or grinders. 

 -But Linnaeus does not entirely negleft the feet. See the 

 charafters of the feveral orders under Primates, Brute, 

 Fek-S, Glis, Pecora, Bellua, and Cete or Whale. 

 This part of the Linnasan fyftem, including a few fpecies 

 defcribed in the Appendix of the third tome, and in the 

 Mantilia of 177 1, contains about two hundred and thirty 

 fpecies. 



Mr. Pennant, in his " Synopfis of Quadrupeds," and pro- 

 feflbr Martin, in his " Elements of Natural Hiftory," by 

 including fome animals that were unknown to Linnxus, and 

 giving the rank of fpecies to feveral that were coniidered by 

 him as varieties, have extended the number of mammalia to 

 two hundred and eighty-nine fpecies. Mr. Klein, in 1 75 1, 

 pubhlbed a new lylteni of quadrupeds, intitled " Quadrup. 

 Difpofitio brevifque Hitt. Natur." in which he diflributes 

 them into two orders, the firfl comprehending thofe whofe 

 feet are terminated by one or more hoofs, and the fecond thofe 

 which are digitated ; and eac'i of thefe orders is fubdivided 

 into five families or claffes. In his firft order he follows the 

 general arrangement of Mr. Ray, v.'hich he has confiderably 

 improved : but in the fecond, by a fervile regard to a me- 

 thod founded on the number of toes, he has combined very 

 oppofite animals ; the camel and tlie floth, the mole and the 



bat. 



