Q U A 



bat, the glutton and apes. Mr. Briffon, in 1756, publifhed 

 another iyiU-ni, in which he lias arranged animals by the 

 number or dcfeft of their teeth ; beginning with thofe that 

 are toothlefs, I'nch as the ant-eater, and ending with thof- 

 that have the greatell number, fuch as the opoirum. By 

 this arrangement, fome quadrupeds, very dillanl from each 

 otlier in tiieir manners, are too nearly connefted. We (hall fay 

 nothing of Mr. Buft'on's " Hiltory of Quadrupeds," thougli 

 it contains much valuable information, becaufe he fecms to 

 have difregarded fyitematic arrangement. Mr. Pennant has 

 introduced fome ufcful alterations ni his " Hiftory of Quadru- 

 peds;" this ingenious naturaliil has followed Mr. Ray in his 

 greater divifion of animals into hoofed and digit cil ed ; bvit, 

 after the manner of Mr. Klein, he has formed feparatc genera 

 of the rhinoceros, hippopotamus, tapiir, and muflc. The 

 apes are continued in the rank in which Mr. Ray placed 

 them, and are followed by the maucaucos. The carnivorous 

 animals are arranged according to the fyftem of Lmuseus, 

 omitting the feal, mole, (lirew, and hedge-hog. The herbi- 

 vorous or frugivorous quadrupeds occupy the clafs afiigned 

 to them by Mr. Ray, to which he has allotted likewife the 

 fhrew, the mole, and tiie hedge-hog. The fourth fettion 

 of digitated quadrupeds confifts of thofe which are abfolutely 

 deftitute of cutting teeth, fuch as the floth and armadillo. 

 The fifth feftion is formed of thofe which are dellitute of 

 teeth of every kind, fuch as the manis and ant-eater. The 

 third and fourth orders or divifunis which Mr. Pennant has 

 added, are the /mnaW and the •a-in^c^/ quadrupeds : the firlt 

 comprehends the walrus, the feals, and (in conformity to 

 preceding writers) the manati. But thefe, he oblerves, 

 feem as the links between the quadrupeds and the cetaceous 

 animals. The bats are winged quadrupeds, and form the 

 next gradation from this to the clafs of birds. See Pennant's 

 Hiit. of Quadrupeds, ed. 8vo. 178 1. Preface. See Clas- 

 sification. 



QuAonuPEDs, Jointed. Among the many fabulous things 

 with which natural hiifory has been loaded, itories of 

 flying quadrupeds feem to claim a very high rank ; the 

 gryphon, the quadrviped dragon, and a great many other 

 imaginary animals, having been introduced fo ferioufly 

 among the defcriptions of real animals, that too many have 

 been taught to believe them. Schcuchzer, in his " Phyiica 

 Sacra Jobi," has done much toward difcountenancing fuch 

 relations ; and Hyacinthus Gemma, who has written ex- 

 prefsly " De Fabuloiis Animalibus," has added much on the 

 fame occaiion ; yet all is not done. The world have late 

 hiftories of lemmas and baiiliiks, which never exifted but 

 in the imagination of the relator, or in the fubtle contrivance 

 of the fabricator ; as is evidently the cafe in the baliliflvS 

 which we find in the mufeums of the curious, and which are 

 all made out of the ray-fifh. And the generality of 

 readers are fo fond of any thing that is marvellous, that thefe 

 things are fure to be remembered, while perhaps all the 

 truths in the book are forgotten. 



Upon the whole, the flandard of the flying or alatcd quad- 

 rupeds feems to be properly enough reducible to this : that 

 the words flying and alated are not fynonimous terms, and 

 that there are three kinds of flying among the quadruped 

 clafs. The firll abfolute and fwift, flying as perfedt as in 

 birds : this peculiarly belongs to the bat ; which is the 

 ' only alated or winged quadruped, properly fpeaking. 

 2. An imperfeft flying by means of certain membranes 

 ferving as v/ings, but impcrfcftly, and not turning quick, 

 or enduring long flights ! fuch is the flying of the lizard, 

 which is not properly an alated animal. And laftly, the 

 impcrfeft flying of the fquirrel kind, which even in that 

 (pecies ealled, by way of eminence, the flying fquirrel, ii 



QUA 



not properly flying, but only long leaping ; the creature 

 being able to turn but very little out of a right line, and only 

 to fufpend itfelf during a (hort time in a leap from a high 

 {■lace to a lower. Phil. Tranf. N^ 247. p. 34. 



QuADiui'KDS, in Agricidturf, all fuch animals as walk on 

 four legs, and are of the domeltic kind, as liorfes, neat 

 cattle, fheep, fwine, and many other forts, which are bene- 

 ficial either for the purpofes of working, fattening, or in 

 any otlier way. Some animals of this nature are dilpofed 

 for one of thefe purpofes in piefersnce to others ; while 

 others are capable of being made to ferve more than one of 

 them. Thus, horfes of the lighter and more active kind are 

 adapted to the faddle, and fome forts of road work, and 

 thofe of the more heavy fort to all defcriptions of team work 

 in the field or other places. And noat cattle of the ox 

 kind, in the lefs heavy breeds, as the Devonfliire, Here- 

 fordfhire, and fome others, are well fuited to team labour as 

 well as fattening ; while thofe of the more heavy forts, as 

 the Lancafhire breed, or long horfes, &c. are better calcu- 

 lated for feeding only. Among flieep, fome breeds are 

 valuable for their mutton as well as their wool ; fome for 

 the former, or latter, of thefe articles only ; and others 

 again for their ready difpofition in taking on fiefli. In 

 fwine, fome breeds are much better formed than others ; 

 require much lefs food, in proportion to their fixes, in keep- 

 ing and fattening, and are more difpofed to feed, &c. 



The fame is hkewife the cafe with fome other animals of 

 this defcription, which (hould conflrantly be taken into the 

 account in felecting and choofing them for the ufe of the 

 farmer. 



Quadrupeds of all forts, (hould alfo, in all cafes, be well 

 adapted in their numbers, natures, and kinds, to the qua- 

 lities of the lands as farms, their extents, and the quan- 

 tities of labour to be performed upon them, as much in the 

 fuccefs of farming depends on this being properly done. 

 They (hould likewife be conftantly well kept and in proper 

 condition, according to the different intentions for which 

 they are dcfigned, as badly fed or half-ftarved animals never 

 anfwer any good purpofe for the farmer, they always re- 

 quiring a much larger proportion of food for reftodng or 

 bringing them again into proper order and for fattening 

 them, than would otherwife have been neceflary ; and they 

 never ultimately turn out fo well, or produce fo much ad- 

 vantage, as might have been the cafe under other circum. 

 ftances. And, in labouring animals, where this is the cafe, 

 they are never capable of performing nearly fo much work, 

 in confequence of which a vaft continual lofs is fuftained, 

 though fcarcelv perceived. See LiVE-ftofi, and Team. 



QUAD RU'PLATO RES, among the Romans, were in. 

 formers, who had the fourth part of the confifcated goodt 

 for their pains. 



QUADRUPLE, a fum or number multiplied by four, 

 or taken four times. 



Quadruple is particularly ufed for a gold coin, worth 

 four times as much as that of which it is the quadruple. 



The quadruple of the Spanifh piftole is a piece of four 

 piftoles, called alfo the double doubloon. 



The quadruple of the louis d'or is a piece of gold coined 

 in the reign of Louis XIII. in 1641. The legend on one 

 fide is CHRisTus vincit, regnat, imperat : and on the 

 middle of this fide it has a crofs with four crowns, and can- 

 toned in four fleurs-de-lis : on the other fide it has the 

 legend, LUDOVlcus decimus tertius dei gratia franco- 

 bum REX, with the head of Louis XIII. Its value under 

 this king was twenty hvres. 



QuADRUPLK Croche, in French Miific, is a note with 

 four hooks or four ties, one degree quicker than our demi- 



femiquaver. 



