QUA 



ments of the calyx ; lowermoll largeft, (loping downward. 

 Slum. Filament folilary, fhort, afceiidiiig, iiifeittd betwixt 

 the lower petal and the gcrmen ; anther oblong, furrowed, 

 recurved. /"//?. Germen fuperior, globofe ; ityle thrcad- 

 fliaped, afcendnig, the length of the Itamen ; llignia obtufe. 

 Peric. Berry ? of one cell. Seeds numerous, imbedded in pulp. 



Obf. The corolla is, as it were, two-lipped. This genus 

 is akin to Cucullaria. Schreb. 



Ed. Ch. Calyx inferior, in four deep unequal fegments. 

 Petals two, unequal. Berry I with many feeds. 



1. Q. rofea. Aubl. Guian. t. I. Willd. n. I.— Lower 



petal undivided. Leaves elongated at the point Native of 



the woods of Guiana, flowering in September. The inha- 

 bitants call this fpeeies Laba-laba. A tree, whofe trunk is 

 fixty feet or more in height, terminating in large fpreadiiig 

 branches. IVood red, compaft. Leaves oppofite, in pairs 

 crofling each other, on (hortifh ftalks, elliptical, three or four 

 inches long, entire, fmooth, with an elongated blunt point ; 

 their tranTverfe veins very numerous, llraight and parallel. 

 Stipulas deciduous. Panicles terminal. Flotvers numerous, 

 two inches long, powerfully and agreeably fcented, white 

 on the outfide, rofe-coloured, and finally ycllowifli, within. 



2. Q.caru/ea. Aubl. Guian. t. 2. Willd. n. 2. — Petals 

 two-lobed. Leaves with a fhort point. — Native of the 

 Guiana forefts. This fpeeies flowers in October, and is 

 known by the name of Quale. It diffefs from the former 

 in having fmaller^otffr,r, of a grey or blueifli colour, but 

 fragrant like thofe of Q. rofea. Then petals are emarginate, 

 cr almoll obcordate. Points of the leaves Icfs elongated. 



QUALIFICATION for killing game,ior jurors, jujlices, 

 members of parliament, and eledors of members. See Game, 

 Jury, Justices, and Parliament. 



Qualifications /or a complete mufician, required by Zar- 

 lino. This venerable theorilt had very exalted ideas of a 

 perfeft mufician, and tells us (Inllit. vol. ii. part iv. p. 342, 

 et feq. ) that it is necefl'ary he (hould have a knowledge in 

 arithmetic, for the calculation of mufical proportions ; of 

 geometry, to meafure them ; of the monochord and harp- 

 fichord, to try experiments and efix-fts ; that he fliculd 

 be able to tune inftruments, in order to accuftoin the ear to 

 diftinguilh and judge of intervals ; that he fliould fing with 

 truth and taflc, and perfedlly underltaiid counterpoint ; that 

 he fltould be a grammarian, in order to write correftly, and 

 fet words with propriety ; that he fliould read hillory, to 

 know the progrefs of his art ; be a mafter of logic, to rea- 

 fon upon, and inveftigate the more abft;rufe parts of it ; and 

 of rhetoric, to exprefs his thoughts with preciiion ; and, 

 further, that he would do well to add to thefe fciences fome 

 acquaintance with natural philofophy, and the philofophy of 

 found ; that his ears being perfeiilly exercifed and purified, 

 may not be eafily deceived. And adds, that he who afpires 

 at the title of perfetl mufician, has occafion for all thefe 

 qualifis-ations, as a deficiency in any one of them will fre- 

 quently render the reft ufelefs. An additional qualification 

 is now become neceliary to be added to thofe enumerated by 

 Zarlino, which is a perfeft knowledge of the genius and 

 powers of all the inftruments for which a mufician writes ; 

 otherwife he will not only embarrafs a performer by ufelefs 

 and unmeaning difficulties, but lofe opportunities of pro- 

 ducing effefts by the bow of a violin, the coup de langue of 

 flutes, and a feleftion of the pureft and baft tones on other 

 wind inftruments. 



Qualifications of Land-managers, &c. the requifite 

 acquirements which are preper and effential to them in order 

 to the due and full performance of all the different forts of 

 bufinefs in which they may be engaged or employed. In this 

 view, a confiderable knowledge of the principles and prac- 

 tices of different forts of farming and farm-management, 



QUA 



fome acquaintance and experience in furveying land, in me- 

 chanics, in rural architedture, and in the bufincfB of plant- 

 ing, are indifpenfibly neceffary, as well as a notion of the 

 various mineral and other fubftances contained in the bowelj 

 of the earth, and a ready facility in arranging the manage- 

 ment of difterent forts of accounts. 



They fhould at tiie fame time poffefs mild, conciliatory 

 difpofitions, exaft upright principles, and ftrift moral cha- 

 rafters. See LAKD-/?Ci'i'i', Y.K^n-Stenvard, and Officb o/" 

 EJlate. 



The duties and ufes of thefe forts of managers, bcfides 

 thofe of regulating and directing the hufbandry, management, 

 and other matters, are, the preventing all forts of encroach- 

 ments from taking place ; the feeing that a proper and 

 right method of flocking is purfued on the commonable 

 lands ; the guarding againft the turf or foil being injured by 

 being broken up or pared off ; the looking after the public 

 and private roads, lanes, and driftways, to fee that the 

 fences on the fides of them are properly cut and pruned as 

 occafion may require, the travellable parts of them kep-; free 

 from obihuttions, and in a fuitable ftate of repair, and that 

 the farm-ways are well calculated to the ufes and intentions 

 for which they were defigned ; the duly attending to the 

 open drains, water courfes, and common fewers, to take 

 care that tiiey are kept clear and free at all times, without 

 doing injury to any one ; the confidering the ftate of the 

 natural ftreams and running waters as fit for the purpofes of 

 watering live-ftock at home or in other places, thofe of ir- 

 rigating land, the turning of mills, &c.; the examining the 

 borders of rivers, brooks, &c. to fee that they are not car- 

 ried away, or their courles altered in any injurious manner : 

 the taking care of plantations, and all forts of woodlands, 

 as well as timber-trees and young plants, by feeing that they 

 are preferved in a proper manner, and no damages committed 

 by cutting them down, or in any other ways ; the attending 

 to the fituation of the fences, gateways, &c. to fee that the 

 live hedges, with their banks, be duly cut, weeded, pruned, 

 and kept up, as well a!: the gates, Itiles, pales, and other 

 dead fences properly preferved and in repair ; the keeping 

 the home buildings, farm cottages, and garden grounds, be- 

 longing to them, in proper condition, with their tenants in 

 a full ftate of induftry ; and lattly, the regulating the order 

 of the different occupiers, by preventing improper meetings 

 of all kinds, the repreffing of bad houfes, and all forts of 

 irregularities that have a tendency to lefien induftry and fru- 

 gaUty. 



Befides thefe, there are many other duties which properly 

 belong to them, but which need not be mentioned in thi» 

 place. See Bailiff. 



Qualifications of Tenants, the neceffary properties 

 and circumftances which render them fit for holding lands 

 as farms. The importance of having perfons perfedly 

 qualified as tenants, is very great, in the fuperintend- 

 ance and management of all landed property, being, in a 

 great meafure, the bafis, or principal bearing, on which its 

 uniform and lafting profperity depends. 



The proper qualifications of a good tenant, according to 

 the author of the " Treatife on Landed Property," are the 

 having capital, fkill, induftry, and charafter. And he con- 

 tends, that without a fufficient capital, the reft are unavail- 

 ing ; but that, it the fame time, an induftrious, frugal, 

 good farmer will ftrive with difficulties, and get on with lefs 

 money than a man of contrary qualifications. But if he has 

 not fufficient ftrength to work Ins lands, nor 3 fufficiency of 

 live-ftock to raife manure, or money wherewith to purchafe 

 it, he muft, under ordinary circumftances, live in a ftate of 

 poverty and hard labour ; and, on the firil attack of mif- 

 fortunes, or the firft failing feafon of crops, he will probably 



fink 



