QUA 



fiiik under the weight of his accumulated burden, and be 

 ruined. 



Further, that in regard to the proper ratio or proportion 

 between the rent and capital, it depends on the exilling ftate 

 and circumftanccs of the farms, and the ftyle of manage- 

 ment in wliich they are intended to be coiidutted ; as well as 

 on the number and llrength of the occupiers' famihes, and 

 their induftry dnd frugality. However, in order to afford 

 fome general notions on the matter, it may be faid that, for 

 farms of fizc, as tliofe of from one to five hundred pounds a 

 year, tlie occupiers fliould have at their commands from 

 five hundred to a thoufand pounds of capital, for every 

 hundred pounds of rent which they may pay. Yet itill, on 

 the greater number of farms, the firft proportion is too fmall 

 to manage them with full advantage and profit. And, if 

 they be farmed with fpirit, and the higher order of improve- 

 ments be attempted, particularly the introduction of the 

 bed breeds ot live-ftock adopted by modern farmers, the 

 latt will not be found too large for the purpofe. 



It may be remarked, that it is conftantly the bell way for 

 tenants to farm fomewhat within their capitals, as a few 

 pounds kept in their pockets enables them to embrace and 

 take the advantage of every tavounible opportunity that 

 may offer, and to iell or buy with the greateft benefit. 

 While fuch as are llraightened for mowey, are forced to take 

 the chance of markets, and liable to make bargains of a 

 lofing and difadvantagcous nature, as well as experience 

 many other inconveniencies of different kinds. 



Notwitliilanding, where there is a want of fuflicient ex- 

 perience and flvill m the art, and different branches of prac- 

 tical hufbandry, tenants cannot farm or manage tlieir lands 

 •with the moft profit, either to themfelves, or the proprietors 

 of them. Where, however, their capitals and exertions are 

 great, they may, by obfervation and practice, acquire Ikill ; 

 and by this means be enabled to perform the bufinefs in a 

 tolerable manner, and in fome meafiire do juftice to their 

 farms, whatever they may do for their families in the way 

 of getting money for their benefit. But where, with a want 

 of flcili, fcanty capitals are joined, it is not all the exertion, 

 induftry, and frugality in the power of man, that can fave 

 or preferve the families or the farms from injury and incon- 

 venience. 



However, without induftry, capital and (kill may be faid 

 to be thrown away. In the management of rural bufinefs, 

 in which fo much depends on the nature of feafons and 

 weather, idlenefs is a vice of tlie darkeft caft. Every inftance 

 of negligence is not only injurious in itfelf, but operates as a 

 dangerous and bad example ; ferving as an apology or excufe 

 for the half indullrious, with whom every farm or eftate k 

 incumbered ia a greater or leis degree. 



In confequence of the intimate connedlion which necef- 

 farily fubiiits between the proprietors and tlie occupiers of 

 land, and feeing how advantageous and profitable it is to 

 preferve good order and regularity upon farm lands, as 

 giving thereby full liberty and freedom to the exertions of 

 ^heir tenantry, it becomes a matter of fome importance, in 

 tlie feledtion of farm-tenants, to make proper and neceilary 

 inquiries into their characters for morality, and particularly 

 as they relate to habits of fobriety or extravagance, as well 

 as to a peacefulnefs or quarrelfomenefs of difpofition. 



And it is farther to be remarked, in refpeit to the proper 

 feledting of tenants for farms, that nothing of mterell, or 

 any other confideration whatever, that is not intimately 

 conne6t:ed with the above qualifications, can properly war- 

 rant the choice : unlefs in particular cafes and circumftanccs, 

 as in providing for the widows and orphans of deceafed 

 Vol. XXIX. 



Q U A 



tenants, &;c. A farm-manager Ihould not fuffer himfelf to 

 be influenced by any fort of family connettion, favour, fee- 

 or reward. Superinlcndants of this kind, merely as fuch, 

 cannot have any true intereds fepariite and diftinft from 

 thofe of the farms or lands they may overlook. It, there- 

 fore, becomes a dilhoneft adt in any agent of this fort, to 

 put an inferior tenant into the poltcfTion of a farm, through 

 his own interett, even at a fair rent for the fam.v. 



Laftly, it may be noticed, tiiat in a diftrict which (lauds 

 forward in a prominent manner in the ranks of rural im- 

 provements, merit (liould be h.oked for and encouraged 

 near home. But to advanc ■ or bring up a farm or ellate 

 which remains in the rear of modern practices, two or more 

 tenants of the higher clalfes (liould be fought for, at a 

 diltance, in fuch diftri(5ts as are of a kindred nature, but in 

 which the more modern and profitable management of farm- 

 ing prevails, in order to lead and direft the native tenantry 

 of the fituation. 



Thefe are fome of the principal and leading qualification* 

 which ought in all cafes to diredl and regulate the choice 

 of farm-tenants ; there are, however, many others which 

 Ihould have an influence in certain circumftaaces, and par- 

 ticular metiiods of farm-management, otherwife the full 

 interefts and advantages of the proprietors of the lands mav 

 be overlooked and negledled. 



QUALIFICATOR, in the Canon Laiu, a divine ap- 

 pointed to qualify, or declare the quaHty of, a propofition 

 brought before an ecclefialtical tribunal ; chiefly before the 

 inquifition. 



The quahficators of the office are not judges ; they only 

 give their fentimenta on the propofitions prefented to them. 

 They are the inquifitors that judge. 



QUALITY, QuAHTAs, that affeiStion of a thing, 

 whence it is denominated fuch ; or that which occafions a 

 thing to affeft our fenfes in this or that manner, and gives 

 it this or that denomination. Accordingly quality is faid 

 to be an attribute, from which no fubftance is exempt. See 

 Mode. 



Thus, that power in fire, whatever it be, by which it 

 excites in us the fenfation of heat, fince it is that whence 

 the fire is denominated hot, is called the quality of fire. 



The word quality, qualitas, is faid to have been firft; in- 

 troduced into the Latin by Cicero : till his time the Romani 

 itudioufly avoided ufing a term which denoted an abftradl ; 

 and in lieu of it only confidered concrete, fignified by 

 quale. The like is obferved of the ancient Greeks, who , 

 did not ufe •aoi.-iTn:, but ■ctoio>. 



Quality, it is to be obferved, is an ambiguous term ; and 

 ha* been applied to fome things which ought rather to have 

 been looked upon as ftates of matter, or affemblages of 

 levcral quaUties ; as hfe, health, beauty, Sic. 



There are, alio, other attributes, as iize, fliape, motion, 

 and reft, ufually reckon>?d among qualities, which might 

 more conveniently be ranked among the primary modes of 

 the parts of matter ; iince, from thefe liraple attributes, all 

 the qualities are derived. 



The ancient fchool-philofophers dillinguifh quality in the 

 general, which they call mt-taph^Jual and predicamental qua- 

 lity, into effenttal and acciJtiital. The moderns more ufually 

 divide it mtofphilualiwi corporeal. 



Qualu'els, Spiritual, or Qualitits of the Soul, are afFec., 

 tions of the mind, confidered as in this or that habitude or 

 dilpofition. Of thefe they make two kinds ; the one be- 

 longing to the underftanding, the otlier to the will : of the 

 former kind are knowledge, opinion, certainty, doubting, 

 &c. Of the latjjer are all the moral virtue* and vices. 



