QUA 



light, heat, cold, odour, &c. has its efHcacy increafcd, or 

 abated, in a duplicate ratio of the dillaiici'S from the centre 

 of radiation, or exertion of the quahty, reciprocally. 



Thus, let A (Plate Xll. Geometry, fig. I.) be a centre 

 from whence any quality cxcrtt itfelf round about, accord- 

 ing to the right lines, A e, Af, &c. The efficacy of the 

 quality, b^ it heat, cold, odour, &c. will be (at equal dlf- 

 tances from A) as t!^e fpiflitude or denfity of the rays, A b, 

 Ac, A J. But the rays within the inner circle, or rather 

 fpherical fuperlicits, bcdW, when they come to be ex- 

 tended to the other fpherical furfacc, efg K, will be much 

 lefs clofe than thev were before, and tiiat in the reciprocal 

 proportion of the fpaces they take up ; that is, if the outer 

 furface be the double of the inner, the rays tliere will be but 

 half as thick ; but fince fpherical fuperilcies are as the 

 fquares of their radii, therefore the efficacy of the quality in 

 tlie inner furface will be to that of the outer, as A ^ fquare 

 to A b fquare. Q- -£• ^• 



Sir Ifaac Newton lays it down as one of the rules of pUi- 

 lofophizing, that thofe qualities of bodies which are in- 

 capable of being intended and remitted, and which are found 

 to obtain in all bodies in which the experiment could ever 

 be tried, are to be efteemed univei'fal qualities of all bodies. 

 See Philosophizing. 



Qualities, Cofmical. See Cosmical Qualities. 



Quality is alfo ufed for a kind of title, or degree of 

 eminence given to certain perfons, in regard of their terri- 

 tories, fignories, or other pretenfions. 



Thus the king of Great Britain ufed to take the quality 

 of king of France ; the king of Poland that of king of 

 Sweden ; the king of Sardinia that of king of Cyprus and 

 Jerufalem ; the czars of Ruffia, and kings of Spain, have 

 whole pages of qualities. The cmpeior of China aflumes 

 the quality of fon of the fun. 



Quality of Curvature, in Geometry, is ufed to fignify 

 its form, as it is more or lefs inequable, or as it is varied 

 more or lefs in its progrefs through different parts of the 

 curve. Newton's Meth. of Flux, and Inf. Scr. p. 75. 

 Maclaur. Flux. art. 369. See Curvature. 



Qualities of Trees and Plants, in ylgriculture and Gar- 

 dening, are the properties which are peculiar to them, in 

 relation to th'^ir magnitude, modes of growth, textures or 

 confiftences, forms, colours, taftcs, fmells, means of pro- 

 pagation, culture, ufes, and values. 



In regard to the firlt, as foon as the fimple conltituent 

 fibres of plants are evolved and niereafcd, as far as the na- 

 ture of them and the arrangement of the primary nutrient 

 fubilances will permit, they ceafe to receive any more for 

 their farther increafe ; the primary matters merely replacing 

 the lofs which is occafioned by the performance of the na- 

 tural functions of the plants ; confequently they have each 

 a particular prefcribed increafe or meafure of growth. 

 Some are very large, others extremely fmall. The Indian 

 fig, in confequence of ramifications being fent off, which 

 concrete with the primitive trunk, by infenfible degrees ac- 

 quires a very confiderable bulk or thicknefs, being fre- 

 quently twenty, or even thirty cubic feet in its diametric 

 feftion. And there are accounts given of particular plants, 

 which are fcarcely vifible to the naked eye ; and of fome 

 trees, which are fo large as to cover with their branches 

 two hundred perfons, or more. 



In this country, fome trees and (hrubs of the ornamental 

 fort are either very high, or very low : of the former kind 

 are the-horfe-chefnut, larch, cornelian cherry, fnowdrop- 

 tree, and many others ; and of the latter, the mountain-afh, 

 hemlock, fir, Scotch rofe, butchers' broom, and many 

 more. There are fome trees which are very broad, in pro- 



QUA 



portion to their height, as the oak, Spanifh chefnut, &c. ; 

 others which are very narrow, as the larch, fpruce fir, &c. 

 And there are ilill fome others, in which there is a medium 

 between thefe extremes, prefervcd and kept up, as in the 

 afh-leaved maple, the evergreen oak, the Virginian rafp- 

 berry, the Guelder rofe, and a number of others. 



The modes or habits of growth in trees' and (lirubs ara 

 alfo extremely different : fome fending out their branches in 

 a horizontal manner, as in the oak ; m others they have an 

 upward direction, as in the Huntingdon willow ; while in a 

 few they fall downwards, as in the lime, acacia, and otliirs. 

 Again, there are fome which have an obhque inclination, 

 as may be feen in the Scotch fir ; or they recline, and then 

 rife up again, as in the larch kind ; and tiiere are ilill others, 

 in which they hang direAIy downwards, as in the weeping 

 afli, weeping willow, &c. There are likewife fome flirubby 

 plants, which creep along tlie furface of the ground, as the 

 periwinkle ; others which clafp themfelves to trees, as the 

 paffion-fiower ; and a few which fix and attach themfelves 

 to buildings, walls, &c. as the ivy. Farther, there are 

 fome trees that, in whatever way they may be placed, cut, 

 or pruned, coiiftantly affume and take on one principal 

 ftem, from which all the different brancJies proceed or go 

 off, as rays from a centre, as in the fir tribe ; while in 

 others, the trunks divide themfelves into arms, or large 

 branches, which fend out boughs or fmaller branches in an 

 irregular manner, as in the oak and others. Some kinds of 

 fhrubs have merely one fingle Hem, as the alth^a ; while 

 other forts invariably fpread and extend along the furface 

 of the ground, throwing or fending up a greater number, 

 as the hypericum, and fome others. 



The texture or confidence of plants of different kinds is 

 likewife very different, as hard, foft, membranous, carneous, 

 fmooth, downy, thorny, &c. which are moftly obvious to 

 the feel. Plants of the young kind are commonly muci- 

 laginous, becoming hard as they advance in growth ; though 

 many luxuriate in the Hate of continual foftnefs, as the tre- 

 mella ; yet fome are fo hard as to fink in water, as the iron 

 wood of the ifiand of Ceylon, &c. Thus among trees and 

 {hrubs, fome have a foft fmooth appearance, as the lime, 

 the fcorpion fenna, &c. ; while others have a hard, rough, 

 firm appearance, as the evergreen oak, the holly, &c. 

 There are fome alfo which have a Imooth, filky appearance, 

 as the tamarift, &c. ; while others have a downy, woolly 

 appearance, as the hoary poplar, &c. And fome appear 

 wholly befct and covered with thorns or prickles, as the 

 furze, hedgehog holly, S:c. ; while others, again, appear 

 wholly compofed of thveady Ihoots, as the Portugal broom, 

 &c. Befides thefe, there are many other forts, which fur- 

 nifh different appearances from any of thefe. 



The forms in the different forts and varieties are ftill 

 equally, if not more, various ; fome being apparently folid 

 and compact, from being thick fet with branches and foliage, 

 as in the horfe-chefnut, the Engliih elm, tiie lilac, the 

 fyringa, &c. ; while others are of a more light, airy, ele- 

 gant form, being thin of boughs, branches, and leaves, as 

 the a(h, the hoary poplar, the bird cherry, the Canadian 

 mefpilus, &c. ; and there is a middle degree between thefe 

 extremes, in the broad-leaved euonymus, the afh-leaved 

 maple, and fome others. They may alfo be further dillin- 

 guillied into thofe whofe branches begin from nearly the 

 furface of the ground, as in the fir ti^ibe of trees, and moll 

 fhrubs ; and into thofe which (hoot up into a ftem before 

 their branches are begun to be fent off, as in the mour.lain- 

 afh, the althsa frutex, &c. It may likewife be noticed in 

 refpeft to thofe whofe branches begin from the ground, 

 that fome of them rife in an elegant cone, as the larch, the 

 Z Z hoUy, 



