Q IJ A 



lioUy, &c. ', otliers in a cone, whofc bafc is very broad, as 

 in the cedar ; or whofe bafe is very Imall, as in the upright 

 cyprefs. There are lome which fwell out in the middle of 

 tlieir grovi'th, and diminifh or contraft at both ends, as in 

 the Weymouth pine, &c. ; while others are broadoft at the 

 top, as in the rafpbcrry, the alpine lioncyfiickle, &c. ; and 

 fome few irregular and bufliy throughout, as in the ever- 

 green oak, the fnowball tree, &c. Among tliofe which 

 {hoot up into a ftem before their branches arc fent off, there 

 are fome which are in the fliape of flender cones, a» in the 

 deciduous cyprefs ; others in thofe of broad cones, as in the 

 balf :n poplar. Still others afiume a globular form, as in 

 the niouDtain-adi ; while many arc irregular throughout, as 

 in the Scotch elm, the acacia, and feveral others. 



Ao to colour, it appears to depend upon the colouring 

 principle, the proportion of vital air and light which is con- 

 tained, and is proper to different parts of the fame tree or 

 plant : hence, when exhalation is prevented, and light in- 

 tercepted, the green colour is changed into white. In trees 

 and flirubs it is either accidental or permanent : the latter 

 including all the dilferent fliadci of green in the fummer 

 months ; the former, the different tints of red and yellow, 

 which are pecuhar to the autumnal ai.d vernal feafons. 



There are fome of the permanent kinds of colour, which 

 are of a dark green, as thofe in the horfe-chcfnut, the yew, 

 &c. ; while others are of a light green, as thofe in the afh, 

 the common laurel, &c. ; and others, again, which are of a 

 blueifh-green, as thofe in the Scotch fir, tlie bladder fcnna, 

 &c. Some trees have a green tinged with brown, as the 

 Virginian cedar ; others a green tinged with white, as the 

 abele and the Lapland willow. Alfo, in fome trees the 

 greens are tinged with yellow, as in the afh-leaved maple, 

 the Chinefe arbor vitx, &c. ; in others with red, as in the 

 fcarlet tnaplc, &c. ; and in a few with purple, as in the 

 purple beech. There arc fome greens which are fpotted 

 with white, yellow, and red, as that in the variegated holly, 

 privet, fycamore, box, and various others. The colours 

 which arife from accident are almofl infinite in number, 

 each kind of which is liable to great variation : moftly, 

 however, it will be found that in autumn the wild cherry 

 affumes a bright red, the birch a deep red, the beech a 

 brownifh-red, the fcarlet oak a deep fcarlet, the hornbeam 

 a ruflet colour, the fugar maple a rich yellow, the common 

 oak a reddifli-yellow, the lime and afli a draw colour, the 

 balfam poplar a black, the fycamore a dark brown, and 

 others different forts of other colours. 



In regard to tafle and fmell, tlie former depends upon 

 the different principles which compofe and conititute the 

 juices or hiuiiours of the different kinds, and varies as well 

 in the different forts, as in the different parts of the fame 

 fort of trees or plants. The latter depends on the volatile 

 principle, or principles, which ilTue or exhale from them, 

 and differs in its nature, according to the kinds of plants, 

 or the parts of them, in which it chiefly refides or is pre- 

 fent. There are fome trees and fhrubs which have fcarcely 

 any imell, as the evergreen oak, platanus, &c. ; others 

 liave a moil; grateful rich fragrance, as the birch, fweet- 

 briar, honeyfuckle, &c. ; fome again have a lufcious, power- 

 ful fmell, as the mezercon, the fyringa, &c. ; others a dif- 

 agreeable naufeous fmell, as the elder, &c. ; in fome the 

 Imell is very ivi-eet, as in the flowering hme ; in others it 

 is deleterious, as in thofe of the walnut, the artenoifia, &c. 

 There is alfo the greateft fragrance in fome while they are 

 ir. bloffom, as in the hawthorn, ar.d in fome it is folely con- 

 fined to it, as in the lilac ; while in others it is equally dif- 

 fufcd over or throughout the whole plant, as in the fwect- 

 briar, and many ethers. 



QUA 



Thefe may be confidcrcd as fome of the mofl general clia- 

 rafteriffic qualities of trees and fhrubs ; but various other 

 peculiarities incident to them prefent themfclves, on a more 

 .iiiiiute inveftigation, which equally intereft and deferve the 

 attention of the ornamental planter and gardener, as well as 

 the cultivator of all forts of wood and timber ; and which 

 principally relate to differences in tlie barks, the buds, the 

 leaves, the flowers, and the fruiti. The aopearance of the 

 bark is very different in many different forts of trees and 

 (lirubs, as red, white, black, brown, and green, as in the 

 dogwood, birch, oak. Guelder rofe, and holly. It difFer3 

 alfo in Its properties, as in fome it is firm, in others fpongy, 

 in fome thin, in others thick, brittle, glutinous, or thready, 

 as in the oak, the cork-tree, the beech, the Scotch fir, 

 the hornbeam, the holly, the lime, and the elm. It varies 

 likewife in its duratioji, the outer bark or coat in fome trees 

 being thrown off aiuuially, as in the arbutus, the birch, &c. ; 

 while in others, for the moll part, it is conftantly retained 

 or kept on. It differs equally in refpeft to its properties 

 of tafle, being in fome allringcnt in its nature, in others 

 fweet, bitter, refmous, &c., as in the oak and bramble, 

 lime, abele, fir, &c. In regard to buds, fome trees have 

 none at all, as the pine and evergreen forts ; in fome they 

 are very large, in others very fmall, as in the horfe-chefnut, 

 and tlie willow. In fome they are coated over with a 

 covering of glutinous or reilnous matter, as in the horfe- 

 chefnut, &c. ; in others they are overfpread with a dry- 

 film or tegument, as in the beech, Sec. There are likewife 

 lome buds which are of a red colour ; others which are 

 yellow, black, brown, or red and greenifh ; as thofe in the 

 lime, the willow, the afh, the beech, and the common fyca- 

 more, in tlie order in which they occur. 



The variety in the leaves is flill much greater ; fome be- 

 ing very broad, as thofe of the common laurel ; others 

 very narrow, as thofe of the larch. And there is a medium 

 between thefe extremes, in thofe of the willow and the 

 almond. In fome they are entire, as in the bay ; in others 

 ferrated, as in the cherry ; and pinnatiiid, as in the acacia, 

 &c. In fome again they are covered with down, as in the 

 fea buckthorn ; in others with wool, as in the hoary poplar ; 

 with prickles, as in the holly ; with a glutinous matter, as 

 in the gum ciflus, &c. They are of aL the different (hades 

 of green in the fummer feafon ; and of all the different 

 tints of red and yellow, in the autumnal and vernal feafons. 

 There are fome which retain their leaves and colours 

 during or throughout the whole year, as the pine tribe, &c. ; 

 others which lofe their green colour in the autumn ; but 

 retain their leaves all the winter, as the beech, hornbeam, 

 &c. in particular circumftaiiees. A great number of trees, 

 among which are the elm and the afh, drop their leaves in the 

 autumn, and are naked all the winter. In general, the 

 leaves have the fame propertie: as the barks, but in a fainter 

 and lefs perfetl degree; which are of much importance in 

 fome points of view. Tliofe of the alder, the box, &c. 

 are refufed by moft forts of cattle ; thofe of the elm, the 

 thorn, &c. greedily devoured by them ; while thofe of the 

 fir tribe are offenfive to many forts of infefts, which are 

 liable to infeft hot-houfes, and other fimilar places. 



And the flowers are much lefs various than the leaves. 

 Thofe of fome trees being large and fhowy, as of the rofe, 

 the honeyluckie, &c. ; while thofe of others are fmall anci 

 obfcure, as of the alaternus, &c. In fome they cover the 

 whole plant, and quickly fade away, as thofe of the hpw- 

 thorn ; while in others they are but thinly diftributed, yet 

 continue a confiderable length of time, as thofe of the 

 paffion-flower, Sec. There are fome, which come into 

 bloH'om at an earlv period, as thofe of the mezereon, almond, 



&c. ; 



