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tie, ; others that are very late, as thofe of the fweet chefnut, 

 the althsea frutex, &c. And thare are feme trees and flirul)5 

 which ceafe flowering before tlicir leaves expand, as the 

 almond ; and others in which the bloflbm makes its appear- 

 ance only when the leaves fall off, as that of the hazel. 



In the fruits or feeds of trees and plants the variety is 

 likevvife confiderable. There ai'e fome, in which they are 

 brilliantly coloured and (howy in their appearance, as in 

 the cluttered berries of the mountain-allj ; while in others, 

 the feed is very much in'dden and obfcure, as in the willow. 

 On fome trees they remain two or more years, as the cones 

 on the fir tribe ; on others but a few weeks, as the capfnles 

 of the elm. The trnits and feeds of fome are ufed for culi- 

 nary purpofes, and contribute to increale and enrich the de- 

 ferts of the table, at the apple, pear, walnut, &c. ; while 

 others are appropriated to and liave the properties of fatten- 

 ing the inferior forts of ar.imals, as the acorn, the beech 

 mail, &c. ; and others again are poifonous, as the berries 

 of the deadly nightlhade, and thofe of the mezcreon, &c. 



Further, along witli their charadteriftic diftindlions, fome 



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In their more young growths trees and plants not only 

 demand foils, fituationa, and afpedts fuited to tiieir parti- 

 cular natures and habits, but alio fueh methods of culture 

 as are adapted to them. Some kinds requiring the earth 

 and mould about their roots to be repeatedly dug up and 

 ftirred, as the lime, the lilac, &c. ; others advance with 

 equal rapidity, where the ground on the furface is pre- 

 ferved free and clean from other injurious vegetable produc- 

 tions, as the oak, the chefnut, &c. ; while others again 

 fucceed in the beft manner, where the furface of the und 

 is covered with mofly matter, as the rhododendron, the 

 erica, &c. 



In regard to cutting and pruning, there arc fome tree* 

 which will not bear the kniT-, as the cherry, &c. ; the 

 wood in others is many times hurt by it, as in the pine and 

 the fir tribes. Some again are capa'iL- of bearing it to any 

 extent, as the hawthorn, the crab-: - pie, &c. However, 

 thefe peculiarities are moflly applieaL to trees of confider- 

 able height ; as moil lorts when very )Oung endure cutting 

 in, and pruning very well, many kinds requiring thefe 



trees and plants combine and comprife what may be con- operations to train and bring them to fingle Hems. For 



fidered particular properties. 



In the roots, they are as much varied underneath the 

 ground, as the trunks, Hems, and branches are above the 

 furface of it. There are fome which fpread themfelves 

 in a horizontal manner, as thofe of the pine, and fir tribes ; 

 others which fend down perpendicular roots to a great 

 depth, as thofe of the oak, the chefnut, &c. ; and there 

 are thofe which form a medium between thefe extremes, as 

 in thofe of the hme, the beech, &c. 



In the modes or means of propagation in trees and plants 

 there is equal or more variety. There are fome which are 

 raifed from feeds, as the moll part of forell-trees, fueh as 

 the oak, elm, aJli, larcli, &c. ; others from layers, as the 

 lime, platanus, rofe, and mjiny forts of (hrubs ; Hill others 

 from fuckers, as the abele, gale, fpirea, &c. And fome 

 are propagated by ingrafting, as the weeping a(h, apple, 

 &c. ; others by inoculation, as the double -bloflomed almond, 

 the weeping cherry, &c. And fome kinds, again, by the 

 roots, as the thorn, mezereon, and others. 



In refpedt to culture they require different kinds of foils, 

 fituations, and management ; fome delight in a deep, itrong 

 foil, as the oak ; fome in a dry gravelly one, as the beech ; 

 fome in a deep moid one, as the poplar ; others in a foil 

 of the peat-earthv kind, as th- erica, and various other 

 forts ; ftill others are natural to a rather moift foil, as the 

 alder. Sec. And there are fome trees which will grow in 

 a foil of almoft any fort, as the Scotch fir tribe ; while 

 others will fcarcely grow in any, but that of their natural 

 one, as the rhododendron, the andromeda, &c. There are 

 fome again which hardly Hand in need of the aid or aliiil- 

 ance of any fort of foil, as the ivy, &c. ; while otlicrs are 

 of the parafite kind, as the milletoe, &c. 



There is likewjfe much variety in the fituations and ex- 

 pofures which trees and plants natur?,lly affeft. Some 

 kinds will endure almoft every fort of expofure, with the 

 exception of that of ilrong powerful fea breezes, as the 

 larch, the Scotch fir, the mountain-alh, &c. : while fome 

 again endure and withftand the fea breezes in a much better 

 and far iupcricr manner to others, as the fycamore, afh, 

 fervice, elder, &c. ; others will not profpcr except in low, 

 or (heltered fituations, as the black fpruce, moll forts of 

 American plants, &c. ; while others will rife and grow 

 under the drip and fliade of others, as the Scotch elm, the 

 Norvvay maple, hemlock, fpruce, dogwood, box, &c. ; but 

 others again die in fueh fituations, as the larch, the pine, 

 •the willow, and many other forts. 



inftance, the filver fir, while in the nurfcry Hate, require* 

 the fide ilioots of it to be cut and (hortened ; and young 

 oak plants, fome time after they have been finally planted 

 out, are often cut over jull above the furface of the ground, 

 and iuppofed to grow up ftronger by it. 



A great many forts of trees and plants Hand in need of 

 being removed or tranfplanted the firil or fecond year of 

 their growth from the feed, while in the nurfery ground ; 

 and to be fet out from that fituation into plantations of 

 different kinds, w-hile under the height of four feet, or ia 

 their more early growth. There are fome forts which 

 are little or not at all hurt by fueh removals, as the elm ; 

 while others are liable to die after it, as the fpruce fir, the 

 Weymouth pine, &c. ; fome kinds are alfo apt to die on 

 being tranfplanted, after they are eight, ten, or more feet in 

 height, as the pine, the fir tribes, &c. ; while other forts 

 may be fafely tranfplanted at nearly double fueh ages and 

 fixes, as the lime, the elm, the fycamore, and various other 

 deciduous kinds ; however, a year or more before their re- 

 moval is to take place, they (hould have their roots cut in, 

 and their tops thinned by the pruning knife, or other means, 

 as fueh precautions are highly important and neceffary, 

 and (hould never be omitted, in removing trees of the latter 

 cf the above heights. 



In refpeft to the ufes of trees and Hirubby plants, though 

 the latter fort are commonly fet out for the purpofe of orna- 

 ment, vuriety, &c., and the former for that of timber, as 

 well as thefe and other ufes ; there are Hill fome other ways 

 in which they occafionally contribute, and become of utility 

 and importance to th^ planter. There are different products 

 of fome of them, which are ufefnl in different arts and pro- 

 feffions. For inftance, the bark of fome is ufefnl in che- 

 miHry, for the making of bird-lime, as that of the holly ; 

 that of others, as of the lime, the elm, &c. for the manu- 

 fafturers of mats. The leaves of fome, as thofe of the 

 mulberry, for the growers and raifers of filk. The blolfoms 

 of others, as thofe of the rofe, for the apothecary, and thofe 

 of the fyringa for the confeftioner. Thofe parts of the 

 feeds of the beech which are proper, are converted into 

 bread. And the fruits of others, as thofe of the pear, 

 apple, plum, 6cc. are of very general utihty and value. 

 Some kinds of wood are of particular ufe and value for 

 particular purpofes, as the oak to (hip-builders ; and others 

 might be trained for this application, as the larch, by bending 

 down the Hem when about twenty feet in height, fecuring it 

 in that pofition, and then re -bending it again fome confider- 

 able 



