QUARRY. 



rials of this nature, are principally thofe of boring, by means 

 of an auger or boror made for the purpofe, into tlie earth, 

 and digging into it in other ways. In fcarching for mod 

 forts of mineral fubdances, coals, and fome other matters, the 

 ufe of the borer is conilantly iirll liad recourfe to, and not 

 that of finking a fiiaft, however favourable the appearances 

 of the place may be for the purpoie, and the fuccefs of tiie 

 Hndertaking. The. ground is iirft tried by this means, and 

 a certaiiity of fuccefs or failure gained, as well as that of 

 the mod proper lituation for finking the fliaft or making the 

 opening or pit, without much expcnce being incurred, in cafe 

 of the former. In trying for ochres, marles, and other 

 fimilar articles, the fame implement is alfo in comnion ufe. 

 But in raifing and providing lime-llone, free-itone, flags, and 

 dates, &c. in fome cafes, digging down into and opening the 

 ground, by fpades and other tools, is tiie mode employed in 

 the firll inllance, m confequence of fuch fubilances being 

 obvioufly prefent in fufficient quantities to be wrought with 

 advantage. See Bokek, Boking, and Auger. 



The common methods of working and managing different 

 forts of quarries, are in general, in moil places, tolerably 

 well underftood and regulated, by fuch quarrymen as are 

 conilantly employed in the bufinefs ; but a circumllance 

 which they commonly negleft very much, or are in a great 

 degree inattentive to, in many cafes, is that of making good 

 the ground below, by means of the turf or foil which is call 

 off from the top, or upper parts ; and that of keeping the 

 mouths of the openings fufficicntly clear and free. Another 

 common difficulty incident to them, is that of draining, and 

 freeing their bottom parts from injurious water. This may 

 be effetled in various ways, as by the ufe of different forts 

 of macliinery worked by wind, water, and lleam, and by 

 fome other means. See Quarries, Pits, &c. Draining of. 

 In many of the more fouthern diftrifts of the kingdom, 

 and dill more in thofe towards the north, and in Wales, 

 there are quarries, from which fubdanccs of fome of the 

 following kinds are raifed and ufed in their neighbourhoods, 

 or fent away to a didance, in a very extenfive manner ; fuch, 

 for indance, as thofe of the dony kind, as iron-llone or 

 ore, lime-done, marble, chalk, granite, free-done, grit-llone, 

 flag-done, white, grey, purple, and blue flate-done, fand- 

 ftone, fand, gravel, clay-llone, fcythe-dones, tile-llones, 

 &c. ; different ochres, plumbago or black lead, calamine, 

 gypfum, marie, pipe-clay, alum-earth, fuUer's-earth, peat- 

 earth, culm, coal, cannel, falt-rock, &c. Thele quarries 

 and pits are wrought, and the materials got up from them, 

 in feveral different ways, according to circumdances and con- 

 venience, as well as the particular nature, kinds, qualities, 

 &c. of the different articles themfelves ; all of which are 

 modly well known, and capable of being performed by the 

 workmen of their refpedlive neighbourhoods, who are com- 

 monly employed in them, and very expert in their ma- 

 nagement. 



Stonv fubftances which bear a great variefy of different 

 names, and which poffefs equal variety in their qualities and 

 iifeful properties, are met with, and dug up from quarries 

 and pits, in many different didrifts and fituations, in almoll all 

 parts of this ifland, in order to be converted to purpofes of im- 

 proveraent and utility in a variety of different ways and inten- 

 tions. Iron-dones and ores abound more in the northern parts, 

 though they are occafionally found in fome of the fouthern 

 ones. A confiderable quantity of highly rich iron-done is 

 got up and fent annually from the vicinity of Combemartin 

 in Devondiire, to the iron-works of Mr. Raby at Llenethy 

 in South Wales. A large portion of it is alfo found on the 

 borders of the Orchment river, and difperfed throughout the 

 whole didrift, as well as in other parts of the fame county. 

 Vol. XXIX. 



Iron-done is likcwife met with in Suffex in large quantities, 

 imbedded witli lime-done and fand-done, that which rifes 

 near to the furface being the bed, the other having a coarfer 

 and more dull appearance, working heavier in tlie furnace. 

 The very bed is frequently interfefted with thin ftripes of 

 foft marly matter. Iron-done, to a great extent, exids on 

 the edates of lord Dudley, and many others in Stafforddiire, 

 and contributes much to the employment and profperity of 

 the inhabitants. But, in the northern pan of Lancafliire 

 in the didridt of Low Furneft, done and ore of this fort 

 are perhaps found in the larged quantity, of the bed kind 

 and in the mod general manner, of any where in the king- 

 dom. There are numbers of (hafts, quarries, and pits for 

 raifing them from, on Lindal Moor, Whittrig Moor, and 

 Crofs Gates, in the vicinity of Dalton, as well as in fome 

 other places. In the former, the working is ufually eff'efted 

 at the deptii of from twenty to forty-five feet, but it 

 has been done at lefs as well as greater depths. The whole 

 of their cavities are chambered with wood, and coll from a 

 guinea to twenty-five fhillings in finking each fathom, with- 

 out the wood. The ore runs in veins or feams between the 

 rocks on the north and fouth, being in breadth from about 

 forty to fixty yards. And it condantly dips towards the 

 fouth-ead at the rate of about a foot in five or fix. The bed 

 ore is that which has the mod greafy appearance, and it 

 is raifed with lefs difficulty, working lefs hard, requiring 

 lefs flux, and forming a more foft iron. It is raifed from the 

 fliafts or pits by machinery of the gin or windlafs kind, the 

 men employing picks, punches, and hammers in digging it 

 up. It was formerly got, in fome places, by driving levels 

 into the fides of the hills, and conveying it out on railways 

 in fmall waggons ; but now the other way is modly era- 

 ployed. Four men get about fourteen tons in the day, in 

 fome fituations ; but in others, double the number are re- 

 quired for getting the fame quantity. It is wheeled to didant 

 heaps, from which much of it is fent in fmall carts to the port 

 of Old Barrow, from whence it is diipped to different parts 

 of England, Wales, and Scotland, at the expence of from 

 fourteen to thirty diilHngs in freight ; and the red converted 

 into pig-iron by the furnaces in the neighbourhood. Iron- 

 dones and ores are alfo met with in fome other counties more 

 to the north of the kingdom, where there are pits and quar- 

 ries for raifing them from. 



Lime-done is a very general fort of done raifed from 

 quarries and pits in many different parts of this country, ai 

 in Devonfliire, Suffex, Kent, &c. towards the fouth, where 

 it lies in vad beds, from which it is dug for ule ; in the more 

 midland counties, as in Gloucederdiire, Shropfhire, Derby- 

 ftiire, Stafforddiire, and others, where it exids and is em- 

 ployed to a dill greater extent ; but by far the mod exten- 

 fively in thofe farther to the north, as Lancadiire, Wed. 

 moreland, Yorkdiire, Cumberland, and fome didrifts of 

 Scotland. In many parts of the county of Lancader it is 

 dug and raifed from quarries, where it lies in a dratified 

 manner at no great depth from the furface, being got up 

 without much difficulty or trouble ; while in other places 

 it is forced from the folid rock, with great labour and ex- 

 pence. This is likewife the cafe in many other didrifts. 

 Wherever it is met with, it is almod conilantly a quarry- 

 material of great value, and which affords much employment 

 to labourers. 



In the county of Kent, the banks of fome of the large 

 rivers are fcooped out into done quarries in a remarkable 

 manner, fome of them worn out and difufed, others in the 

 date of being wrought. It has been obferved, that this ii 

 the neareft done country into which water-carriage can pene- 

 trate from the metropolis ; and that the original London 

 E e was 



