QUA 



barous Latin, dutteffitrnnare ; of which wc have inftances in 

 the " Micrologus" of Giiido. 



Quarter, in Nav'igaUan. A quarter tfF a point, wind, 

 or rhumb, is the fourth part of a cardinal point, wind, or 

 rhumb ; or of the dillancc between two cardinal ponits, 

 wind?, &c. 



The quarter contanis an arc of 1 1 degrees 15 minutes. 



The quarter is what Wolfius, with regard to the other 

 divifions, calls a fecondary point ot the fecond order. 



Quarter of a Ship is that part of the fhip's fide which 

 lies towards the item ; or which is comprehended between 

 the aftmoil end of the main chains and the (ides of the Hern, 

 where it is terminated by the quarter-pieces. Although the 

 lines by which the quarter and bow of a (lup are determined, 

 with refpeft to iier lengtii, are only imaginary, yet ex- 

 perience appears fufficiently to have alccrtained their limits ; 

 fo that if we were to divide the fliip's fides into i\\t equal 

 portions, the names of each fpace would be readily enough 

 expreiied. Thus the firft, from the Hern, would be the 

 quarter; the fecond, abaft the midlhips ; the third, the 

 midfhips ; the fourth, before the midihips ; and the iifth, 

 the bow. Falconer. 



Quarter, On the, in Sea Language, may be defined an 

 arc of the horizon, contained between the line prolonged 

 from the (hip's flern and any diftant objeft, as land, (hips, 

 &c. Thus if the fliip's keel lies on an ealt and weft line, 

 the flern being weilward, any diftant objeft, perceived in 

 the north-weft or fouth-well, is faid to be on the larboard 

 or ftarboard quarter. 



Quarter is alfo ufed for a canton, or divifion of a city ; 

 confiiting of fcveral ranges of buddings, &c. feparated from 

 fome other quarter by a river, a great ftreet, or by fome 

 other boundary. 



Such are the twenty quarters of the city of Paris. An- 

 cient Rome was divided levcral times, under its ieveral aug- 

 mentations, into quarters, which were called regions ; as 

 may be obfervcd in the topographies of Aurehus Viftor, 

 Onuphrius Panvinius, Marillan, Pyrro Ligorio, Boiffard, 

 and other antiquaries. 



In many cities there are commiiraries of the quarter ap- 

 pointed to look to the policy of them. The prior of the 

 Caporions accounts himf'lf the chief and colonel of the 

 fourteen regions, or quarters, of Rome. Mulcarat, p. 134. 



Quarters, Franchife of. See Franchise. 



Quarter, in War, the place allotted to certain forces 

 to live, lodge, and encamp upon, during a fiege, or the 

 like. See Camp. 



The general's quarter, called the head-quarters of an 

 army, is that where the general lodges and encamps in per- 

 fon. They ufed to make lines of communication, to join 

 the feveral quarters together. 



Quarters at a Siege, are the encampments on the prin- 

 cipal paffes about a place ; ferving to flop the avenues, and 

 to prevent relic-f and convoys. 



Quarter is alfo uled for any lodgment made in tlie 

 field, or champaign, out of a fiege. Thus they fay, the 

 general has extended his quarters a good way ; the enemy 

 comincr by, made him coutraft his quarters. 



Quarters, Intrenched, denote a place fortified with a 

 ditch and parapet, to fecure a body of troops. 



Quarters, Winter, the place allotted troops to ipals the 

 winter feafon in. Wherein thefe differ from garrifons, lee 

 Garrison. 



Winter quarters, when cold or moift, are productive of 

 inflammatory diforders, particularly hard coughs, with in- 

 j flammations of the pleura or lungs. See Barrai Ks. 



Quarters, Winter, are alfo uied for the time the troops 



Q U A 



continue in this lodgment ; and for the advantage the cap- 

 tains make of it. 



In Spain they have alfo fummer quarters. 



Qv ART Eli of y/femli/y, is the place of rendezvous, where 

 the troops are to meet and draw up, to march in a body. 



Quarters of Refrefhment, denote foine well provided, 

 fertile fpot, to whicii troops, that have been much fatigued 

 and haraded, are fent to recover their itrength, or health ; 

 even during the feafon of the campaign. 



There arc alfo quarters afligned for the huckilers, and 

 their equipage. 



Quarter alio denote" the fafety and good treatment 

 promifed to perfons or troops that furrender, and lay down 

 their arms. Thus we fay, the enemy begged quarter. 



The phrjfe took its rife from an agreement anciently 

 made between the Dutch and Spaniards, tliat the ranfom of 

 an officer, or foldier, fliould be a quarter of his pay. Hence, 

 to beg quarter was to offer a quarter of their pay for their 

 fafety ; and to refufe quarter was not to accept of that com- 

 poution for their ranfom. 



On an enemy's fubmitting, and delivering up liis arms, 

 the victor cannot with juflice take away his life. In a 

 battle, quarter is to be given to thofe who lay down their 

 arm.s ; and at a fiege, a garrifon offering to capitulate are 

 never to be refufed their lives. If fonutimes, however, in 

 the heat of adtion, the foldier refufes to give quarter, it is 

 always contrary to the inclination of the officers, who 

 eagerly interpofe for faviiig the lives of fuch enemies as have 

 laid down their arms. Neverthelefs, there is one cafe, in 

 which life may be denied to an enemy who furrendert, and 

 alfo capitulation refufed to a place. This is when the 

 enemy has been guilty of fome enormous breach of the law 

 of nations, and particularly if it be at the fame time a viola- 

 tion of the laws of war. This denial of quarter is no na- 

 tural confequence of the war, but the punifliment of his 

 crime ; a punifhraent which the injured party has a right to 

 inflict : but that the punifliment may be juft, it muft fall on 

 the guilty. When the war is with a favage nation, which 

 obferves no rules, and never gives quarter, it may be chaf- 

 tifed in the perfons of any that are feized or taken, among 

 the guilty ; fo that by this rigour they may be brought to 

 conform to the laws of humanity. But wherever feverity is 

 not ablolutely neceffary, clemency is to be ufed. Corinth 

 was utterly deftroyed, for having violated the law of nations 

 towards the Roman ambafladors. However, that feverity 

 has been cenfured by Cicero, and other great men. He, 

 who has even the moft juft caufe to punifli a fovereign as his' 

 enemy, will always incur the reproach of cruelty, if he 

 fliould caufe the punifliment to fall on the innocent people. 

 There are other methods of chaUifing the fovereign ; as the 

 depriving him of fome of his rights, taking from him towns 

 and provinces. The evil which a whole nation fuffers is 

 the participation inevitable to the members of a political 

 fociety. The learned Vattel exprcffes his aftoniftiment that, 

 in a knovi'ing age, it could be conceived that it is lawful to 

 pumfli with death a governor who has defended his place to 

 the lalt extremity ; or who, in a weak place, has prefumed 

 to make a ftand againft a royal army. Yet, even in the 

 17th century, this notion was fo common as to make an ar- 

 ticle in the law of war ; and, at a later period, it is not 

 wholly exploded. What a thought ! to punifli a brave man 

 for having performed his duty. Very different were the 

 principles of Alexander the Great, when he gave orders for 

 fparing fome Miiefians, " on account of their courage and 

 fidelity." It is in vain to objeft, that an obflinate defence, 

 elpecially in a weak place, againft a royal army, only caufes 

 a great effufion of blood to no purpofe ; for this defence 

 may fave the ftate, by delaying the enemy fome days longer ; 



and, 



