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and, bcfidcs, courage fupplics the want of fortifications. 

 It is urged farther, tiiat by threatening a commander with 

 death, you may fliorten the bloody fiege, fparc your troops, 

 and gam a valuable opportunity. The anfwer is, fays 

 Vattel, that a brave man will defpife your menace, or, 

 provoked at fuch ignominious ufage, will fell his life at a 

 dear rate, make you pay for your injuilice, and bury him- 

 felf under the ruins of his fort. Beiides, the menace of an 

 unjult punilhment is unjud in itfelf ; it is an infult and an 

 injury. But to execute it, would be barbarous and hor- 

 rible ; and if it is not to take effeft, it mull be allowed to 

 be vain and ridiculous. Neverthelefs, jull and lawful means 

 may be ufed for inducing a governor not obltinately to re- 

 duce himfelf to the lall extremity ; and this is at prefent 

 done by all wife and humane generals. A governor is 

 fummoned to furronder, and in the progrcfs of the fiege an 

 honourable and advantageous capitulation is offered him, 

 with an intimation that if he ftays too long, he will be ad- 

 mitted only to furrender as a prifoner of war, and at difcre- 

 tion : if he perfills, and is at length forced to furrender at 

 difcretion, all the feverity of the law of war may be ufed, 

 both againll him and his troops. But this right never ex- 

 tends fo far as to deprive an enemy of life, who lays down 

 his arms, unlefs he has been guilty of fome proportionate 

 crime towards the conqueror. See Capitulation, Pri- 

 soners of War, and Reprisals. 



Quarters, in BuiU'mg, thofe flight, upright pieces of 

 timber, placed between the punchions and polls ; ufed to 

 lath upon. They are of two kinds, fingle and double. The 

 fingle quarters are fawn to two inches thick, and four inches 

 broad ; the double are four inches fquare. 



Quarters in a clock, are little bells, which found the 

 quarters of an hour. 



Quarters, in Sea Language, the feveral flations of a 

 (hip's crew in the time of aftion. See Quartering the 

 Men. 



Quarter, in the Manege, to work from quarter to 

 quarter, is to ride a horfe three times upon the firll of 

 the four lines of a fquare ; then changing your hand, to 

 ride him three times upon the fecond ; and fo to the 

 third and fourth, always changing hands and obferving the 

 fame order. 



Quarters of a Saddle, the parts or pieces of leather, or 

 lluft", which are made fad to the lower part of the fides, and 

 which hang down below the faddle. 



QvART^RH of a Horfe, and other jinimah, the four prin- 

 cipal parts of the animals ; the fore-quarters confill of the 

 fhoulders and the fore-legs ; tiie hind-quarters, of the hips 

 and the hind legs. 



In the horfe, the fore-quarters or fhoulders (liould al- 

 ways fall in a neat manner backwards, where they join 

 with the bread, and the hind-quarters be fuitably long and 

 well fhaped towards the rump. Something of a finii- 

 larity of fhape (hould likewife prevail in the quarters of 

 neat cattle, flieep, and fwine, but they fliould be much more 

 flertiy downwards as they approach the thigh and leg parts. 

 See LiVE-5/of/-, Horse, Sheep, and Swine. 



Quarters of the Foot, in horfes, are the fides of the 

 coffin, comprehended between the toe and the heel on botli 

 fides ; the inner quarters are thofe oppofite to one another, 

 facing from one foot to the other ; thofe are always weaker 

 than the outfide quarters, which lie on the external fides of 

 the coffin. A horfe is faid to have a falfe quarter, when 

 the hoof has a kind of cleft occafioned by the caftmg the 

 quarter and getting a new one, for then the horn becomes 

 uneven, and alfo fofter than the reft of the hoof; and the 

 foot fliould be fhod with fome nicety. But if the cleft be 



I 



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confiderable, and take up a fourth of the hoof, the horle u 

 worth little afterwards for any purpofe. 



Quartkr-6'(^, among horfes, is when for any difeafe i;. 

 tue coffin-bone or joint, one of the quarters of the hoof ii 

 caft off, and when thus cad, the reproduftion of a new 

 hoof or part takes place. It is a common occurrence among 

 fome horfes. 



QuAHTr.R-£W, among domellic animals of the neat cattle 

 kinds, is an affeftion which fometimes takes place in the 

 glands of the udders, and fometimes in different parts of 

 the feet. 



Quarters, in Gardening, the large divifions of garden 

 grounds, or thofe parts of them which are fituated be- 

 tween tiie different walks, at a diftance from the fmall, nar- 

 row portions on the fides ufually termed borders, and which 

 form or condituto the principal fpaces or compartments for 

 the cultivation and growth of the various forts of the more 

 ufeful culinary vegetables which are raifed in large quan- 

 tities ; fuch as peas, beans, cabbages, cauliflowers, broccoli, 

 early potatoes, and many others. 



It is necefiary to have the quarters of garden grounds 

 formed and laid out in fuch a manner as to favour the 

 growth of early and late crops of the feveral different 

 forts, as much as pofliblc ; thofe for the former having 

 a fouthern, or fouth-wedern cxpofure, and thofe for the 

 latter, an eadern, or north-eaftcrn afpedl. By thefe means, 

 early crops are, in fome meafure, rendered more forward 

 and fine, and thofe of the more late kinds, in fome degree, 

 prevented from being injured or burnt up and deftroyed by 

 too full an expofure to the heat of the fun. 



It is ufual during the winter feafon to have the large 

 quarters of garden grounds laid up in high ridges, in order 

 to be expofed to the influence and effefts of froft, by which 

 the earth may be rendered more light and mellow, and be 

 in a more fit date for fowing or planting in the fpring 

 months, on throwing them down and rendering them level 

 for the purpofe. 



The large quarters of gardens fhould likewife be kept as 

 free and open as pofTible, not being inclofed and choaked 

 up, as is too frequently the cafe by planting fruit-trees and 

 fhrubs on their fides, either in the manner of efpaliers or 

 otherways, as by fuch means the growths of the plants are 

 much promoted, and they are prevented from being drawn 

 up in a weak manner. See G.'VRDEN. 



All forms of garden grounds are found, except that of 

 the fquare, to derange the regularity of the quarters, and, 

 of courfe, to render them highly troublefome in digging 

 and cropping. Where they are ver)- large they may be 

 fubdivided into fuitable fizes, as one hundred feet in breadth, 

 S:c. ; but their length does not fignify, as it may be varied 

 in different ways, as by rows of trees, bufhes, or which, in, 

 many cafes, are preferable, by trodden walks and the modes 

 of cropping. 



Quarters of a Garden, the feveral divifions into which 

 it is formed for the purpofe of cultivating the different 

 kinds of vegetables, fruits, &c. Thus, there are parts or 

 quarters dellined to the growth of kitchen vegetables, fruit, 

 and other trees, forcing, &c. 



Quarters of a Field, or Farm, in Agriculture, are the 

 particular parts of them, which are under, fet apart, or 

 intended for any fort of crops, or peculiar modes of cul- 

 tivation and management. Farmers are frequently in the 

 praftice of dividing their lands or farm.s into different quar- 

 ters or parts, according to the different forts of hufbandry 

 which they are proper for, and the manner and fuccelfion 

 in which tiie various kinds of crops are to be grown upon 

 them, and the fame is often the cafe with large fields ; four, 

 five, fix, and more divifions or quarters, being common in fuch 

 , inflances. 



