K A 1) 



K A D 



heraldry, where the ancient crowns are called radiated 

 crowns, coronse radial:E. See CuowN. 



RADIATION, in Phyfici, the adlion of a body diirufing 

 rays of hght as from a centre. 



Every vifible body is a radiating body ; it being only by 

 means of its rays that it afFcfts the eye. 



The fnrface of a radiating body may be conceived as 

 confifting of radiant points. 



Radiation, Place of. See Place. 



Radiation', or Inndiation, is ah'o ufed by lome authors 

 to exprcfs the manner of the motion of the animal fpirits ; 

 on a fuppofition ihat they are diflufed from the brain to- 

 wards all parts of the body, throngli tlie little canals of the 

 nerves, as light is from a lucid body. But in lieu of a 

 radiation, the moderns rather incline to the opinion of the 

 circulation of the fpirits. 



RADICAL, Radkams, in Phyjic, l^c. fomething ferv- 

 ing as a bafis or foundation ; or which, like a root, is the 

 fource or principle whence any thing arifes. 



The fchools talk much of a radical moifture inherent in 

 the feeds of all animals, which nouridies and preferves the 

 vital heat or flame, as oil does a lamp ; and wiiich, when 

 exhaufted, life is extinguifhed. 



Dr. Quincy obferves, that this radical moifture is a mere 

 chimera ; unleis we thereby mean the mafs of blood, which 

 is the promptuary whence all the other juices and humours 

 are derived ; and which, while it circulates, fullains life, &c. 



In grammar, we ufe the term, radical words, for roots 

 and primitives ; in oppohtion to compounds and derivatives. 

 In the Hebrew language, the letters of the alphabet are 

 divided into radical and fertile. The tirll conltitute pri- 

 mitive or original words, which, by a fignificant metaphor, 

 are called rooti, C^'tl'TSl'- ^^ ^^ ^^ letters of the 

 alphabet may be radicals ; i. e. primitive words may confid 

 of any of thefe letters ; but the following 1 1 letters pro- 

 perly claim this title, becaufe they can never be fcrijiles ; 

 viz. J, -\, ^, n. p' D' y> £3' V' P' "1- Of whatever let- 

 ters any word confills, it muft. at leaft contain one of a 

 radical charafter. (See Root.) For an account of the 

 fervile letters, fee Servile. 



Radical Numbers, Numeri Rudicales, in the Italian mufic, 

 are 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and fometimes 10, which are often 

 met with in mufical compofitions, to denote the accords of 

 the thorough bafl'es : 2 itands for the fecond and its dupli- 

 cates ; 3 for the third ; 4 for the fourth, &c. 



Radical Leaf, among Botani/h. See Leaf. 



Radical i'/j«, in /llgebra, tlie figu or charafter of the 

 root of a quantity. 



v' is the charafter of radicality, and expreffes the fquare 

 root ; 



\/ the cube root, &c. 



RADICANS, in Botany, rooting, a term applied to a 

 ftem which throws out ilbres as it extends itfelf, whether 

 thofe fibres be true radicles, by which the plant imbibes 

 Bourifhment, and is generally increafed ; or whether they 

 ferve only for the fupport of the ftem againft walls, rocks, 

 or neighbouring trees. Of the firil kind, the Strawberry 

 affords a familiar example ; of the latter, the Ivy, the Vir- 

 ginian Creeper {Hedera, or rather Vitis, qumquefoUa), and 

 the Bignonla radicans, are inftances. 



RADICATION, the acfion by which plants take root, 

 or fhoot out roots. 



The French Royal Academy of Sciences have made a 

 great number of curious obfervations on the germination 

 and radication of plants. 



RADICLE, in Agriculture, that part of the feeds of 

 plants which, upon vegetating, becomes their nafcent roots. 



It is, in faft, the main organ or medium of nutrition, and 

 the means by whicii food is imbibed or drank up from the 

 furrounding Ibil or earth. The radicles, together with th'- 

 leaves, therefore, conilitute the ahforhent organ of plaiiti. 

 See Radicula, and lioor. 



RADICOFANl, in Geography, a town of Etruria, near 

 which are two caflks, one built by Didier, laft king of the 

 Lombards, and the other by Culmo 1. j 55 miles S. of 

 Florence. 



RADICONDOLI, a town of Etruria ; 24 miles N.E. 

 of Florence. 



RADICULA, in Botany and Vegetable Phyfwlogy, the 

 radicle, or fibre of the root. (See Root.) This term ifc 

 ufed by Dillenius, in his Nova Genera, 121. t. 6, as a 

 generic name, for a fet of plants referred by Linnxus to 

 SlKYMiiKii M. See that article. 



RADII Pronator Qjiadralus, in Anatomy, a mufcle of the 

 fore-arm. See Pronator. 



Radii Pronator Teres. See Pronator. 



Radii Supinator Brevis, \ mufcles of the fore-arm. See 



Radii Supinator Longus, \ Supinator. 



Radii Pinnarum, in Ichthyology, the little (lender bones 

 fupporting the membrane, formmg the fins in fiflies, and 

 called by Artedi oflicula radiata pinnarum, from their run- 

 ning from the bafe to the lummit in the form of rays. See 

 Fin, and Anatomy of Fisii. 



RADIMPOUR, in Geography. See Radunpour. 



RADIOLA, in Botany, fo called by Dillenius, becaufe 

 the cells of the ripe capfule fpread like the rays of a Uttle 

 wheel. The plant having been referred by Linna;us to the 

 genus Linum, the above became its fpecific name ; but it is 

 now reftored to the rank of a genus by the late profeflbr 

 Gmehn of Gottingen, as well as by the author of Flora 

 Britannica. — Dill. Nov. Gen. 126. t. 7. Gmel. Syft. Nat. 

 Linn. V. 2. 289. Sm. Fl. Brit. 201. Prod. Fl. Grsc. 

 Sibth. V. I. no. Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 1. 282. — Clafs and 

 order, Tetrandria Tetragynia. Nat. Ord. Gruinaks, Linn. 

 Caryopbyllaccis, JufT. 



Gen. Ch. Cal. Perianth inferior, of one leaf, cut about 

 half down into four equal, permanent, wedge-fhapedfegments, 

 each of which is three-cleft. Cor. Petals four, obovate, 

 about the length of the calyx, alternate, with its principal 

 fegments. Stam. Filaments four, awl-fhaped, ereft, the 

 length of the calyx ; anthers roundirti, of two lobes. Pijl- 

 Germen fuperior, roundifh, with four grooves ; ftyles four, 

 terminal, very fhort ; ftigmas capitate. Peric. Capfule 

 roundift), bluntly five-fided, of eight cells and eight valves. 

 Seeds folitary, elliptical, comprefled, ver)' fmooth. 



Efl. Ch. Calyx in many fegments. Petals four. Cap- 

 fule fuperior, with eight valves and eight cells. Seeds 

 fohtary. 



I . R. millegrana. Thyme-leaved Flax-feed. Engl. Bot. 

 t. 893. (R. vulgaris ferpyUifolia ; Dill, in Raii Syn. 345. 

 t. 15. f. 3. Jacob. Faverfli. 92. Linum Radiola ; Linn. 

 Sp. PI. 402. Fl. Dan. t. 178. Linocarpum Serpylli foho, 

 multicauie et multiflorum ; Mich. Gen. 23. t. 21. Mille- 

 grana minima ; Raii Syn. ed. 2. 207. Ger. Em. 569. 

 Chamsehnum vulgare ; VaiU. Parif. t. 4. f. 6.) — Native 

 of fandy groHnd, overflowed by clean frefh water, throughout 

 Europe, flowering in July and Auguft ; but not a very 

 general Englifli plant. The root is annual, fmall, and 

 fibrous. Stem an inch or two high, repeatedly forked, 

 coryinbofe, fpreading, leafy, round, nearly fmooth, many- 

 flowered, often reddifh. Leaves oppofite, feflile, ovate, 

 entire, fmooth, fcarcely a quarter of an inch long. 

 Flowers fmall, white, on (hort, fimple, fohtary ftalks from 

 the forks of the ftem. — Gmelin has erred confiderably in 

 I the 



