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and pari{h in the hundred of Rochford, and county of Effex, 

 EnMand, is fituatcd at the diitance of 14 miles S.E. by S. 

 from Chelmsford, and 34 miles E. by N. from London. This 

 place appears to have been anciently of conliderable note. 

 It was the head of the barony of Swcne, and had a caflle 

 adjoining to it, of which fome fragments and earth-works 

 ftill remain. Thcfe confift of a mount, with an oval-(hapcd 

 bafe, furroundedby a double ditch and rampart, and feveral 

 outworks, particularly on the eall fide. Tlie fummit of the 

 mount is divided ; the wcllern divifion being of a circular 

 form, and 100 feet high; and the eallern one of an oval 

 form, and lower : the principal ditch varies in width from 

 36 to 50 feet, and the interior vallum is 50 feet high. 

 The church here is an acient edifice, and contains an old 

 tomb, greatly mutilated, but difplaying the remains of very 

 beautiful workmanlhip in the pointed ftyle. The perfon 

 whofe memory it was intended to prefcrve is now unknown ; 

 the upper part, to which the infcription was probably 

 affixed, being totally deftroyed. The market at Raleigh is 

 held on Sadurday, weekly ; and there is an annual fair on 

 Trinity Monday. Hearne, in his edition of Leland's Iti- 

 nerary (vol. iii. p. 8.), informs us that a cuilom-court is 

 kept here, yearly, the Wednefday next after Michael's day. 

 " The court," fays that author, " is kept in the night, and 

 ■without light, but as the (kyc gives, att a little hill without 

 the town, called the King's hill, where the ileward writes 

 only with coales, and not with incke ; and many men and 

 mannors of great worth hold of the f.ime ; and do fuite unto 

 this (Irano-e court, where the fteward calls them with as low 

 a voice as pofliblc he may ; giving no notice when he goes 

 to the hill to keepe the fame court ; and he that attends not 

 is deeply amerced, if the fteward will. 'Tis commonly 

 called Laiulefs-Court." Weever, in his " Funeral Monu- 

 ments," adds, refpefting this cuftom, that he was informed, 

 " that this vile attendance was impofed at the firft upon cer- 

 taine tenants of divers mannors hereabouts, for conlpiring in 

 this place, at fuch an unfeafonable time, to raife a commo- 

 tion." According to the parliamentary returns of 181 1, 

 Raleigh pariili contains 162 houfes, and 1 131 inhabitants. 

 Beauties of England and Wales, vol. v. By E. W. Bray- 

 iey and John Britton, F.S.A. 1810. 



Raleigh, a townfliip of Effex county, in Upper Ca- 

 nada, W. of Harwich, bounded on the N. by the Thames, 

 and S. by lake Erie. 



Raleigh, a town of America, in Wake county. North 

 Carolina, the prefent feat of government, about ten miles 

 from Wake court -houfe. The general ailembly of the ftate 

 in December 1791, appropriated 10,000/. towards erefting 

 pubhc buildings, and named it after the celebrated fir Wal- 

 ter Raleigh, under whofe direftion the firft fettlement in 

 North America was made at Roanoke ifle and in Albemarle 

 found. The ftate-houfe is a large handfome building, and 

 coft 6000/. The plan of the town is regular ; theftreets in- 

 terfering each other at right angles. It is, however, fub- 

 jcft to the difadvantage of being remote from navigation ; 61 

 miles N.E. of Fayetteville, 147 from Peterftjorg m Virginia, 

 and 448 S.W. of Philadelphia. 



RALEMO, a river of Chili, which runs into the Pacific 

 ocean, S. lat. 37° 55'. 



RALENDORF, a town of *e duchy of Carinthia ; 12 

 miles S. of Saxenburg. 



RALESTEDE, a town of the duchy of Holftein ; 8 

 miles E. of Hamburg. 



RALICOTTA, a town of Hindooftan, in Vifiapour; 

 31 mik-s N. of Anamfagar. 



RAU.ENTAND6, Ital., a mufical term of late in- 

 vention, for relating the meafure at particular parts of a 



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compofition, which, when done by a great rnafter, manifefta 

 feeling and intelligence ; but when attempted by mean per- 

 formers, it has no other effeft upon an audience than that of 

 b-cakiiig time : and we think that this refinement is often 

 abufed. It has been chiefly praftiled in France, and favours 

 of affeftation, and that mercharged tendernrfs which renders 

 the national riirs tendra fo dilagreeable, or fo ridiculous, to 

 the natives of all other countries. 



RALLUS, the Rail, in Ornithology, a genus of birds 

 of the order Grails : the generic charafter is, that the bill 

 is thickilh at the bafe, attenuated on the back towards the 

 tip, comprefTed, a little incurved, pointed ; the tongue is 

 rough at the tip ; the body is compreffed ; the tail is mort ; 

 the feet have four cleft toes. There are feventeen 



Species. 



*CnEX; landrail, crake, corncrake, daker hen, &c. 

 Of this fpecics the wings are of a ruity red ; the bill and 

 legs of a browniftt-afti ; the irides are of a hazel colour; the 

 feathers of the body are of a reddifti-brown ; the upper 

 ones are black in the middle ; the chin is very pale, and the 

 belly is of a whitiftl-yellow. It is about nine or ten inches 

 long, and inhabits the fedg)' parts of Europe and Afia. 

 From the circumftance of its appearing at the fame time 

 with the quail, and frequenting the fame places, it has been 

 denominated the king of the quails. Its well-known cry 

 is firft heard as foon as the grafs becomes long enough to 

 ftlcltcr it, and continues till the grafs is cut. The bird, 

 however, is feldom fcen, as it flculks in the thickcft parts of 

 the herbage, and runs fo nimbly through it, winding and 

 doubling in every direction, that it is difficult to come near 

 it. When it is hard puft>ed by the dogi, it fometimes ftops 

 fhort and fquats down, by which means its too eager pur- 

 fuer overfhoots the ipot and lofes the trace. It feldom 

 fprings but when driven to extremities, and generally flies with 

 its legs hanging down, but never to a great diitance. As 

 foon as it alights, it runs off, and before the fowler has 

 reached the fpot, the bird is at a confiderable diftance. It 

 emigrates, appearing with us about the latter end of April, 

 and departing in October. On its firft appearance, and till 

 the female begins to fit, the male is frequently heard to make 

 a fingular kind of noife, much refembhng that of a comb 

 when the finger is dr."vvn along the teeth of it, and which 

 has been ufed as a decoy. When they firft arrive, they are 

 very lean, but before their departure, they become excef- 

 fively fat, and are much fought after for the delicacy of 

 their flefli. They lay from twelve to fixteen eggs in the 

 grafs, of a dirty whitifti colour, with a few yellow fpots: 

 the flefli is excellent. There are two varieties, thus defcribed : 

 1. Rufous brown, beneath paler ; wings and tail deeper; 

 the chin and vent are white ; the legs are dufky red. This 

 is found in the ifland of Jamaica. The bill is larger and 

 black. 2. Reddifti-grey beneath, and wing-coverts rufty 

 brown. This fpecies inhabits China ; the legs are of a dufky 

 colour. 



Aquaticus ; Water Rail. Wings grey fpotted with 

 brown ; flanks fpotted with white ; bill orange beneath, but 

 black and reddifli at the bafe ; the irides are red ; the feathers 

 of the upper part of the body are of an olive-brown, and 

 black in the middle; the lower ones are cinereous ; thofe of the 

 lower part of the belly and vent are edged with rufous ; 

 quill-feathers duftc ; the lower tail-coverts are white ; the 

 tail-feathers are fhort and black ; the two middle ones at the 

 tip, and the others, are edged with ferruginous ; the legs are 

 of a dufky red. It ii about twelve inches long, but does 

 not weigh more than four ounces. It is found in the watery 

 places in Europe and Afia. It is fometimes, but not in 



any 



