11 A P 



R A P 



admixture of any of thefe fiibilanccs with tliL- corn uild for 

 food, the difeafc is to be afcribed witii more probabihty to 

 the infuflicient nourifliment afforded by damaged corn, or 

 the adlual dearth of it, which ufually occur togetlier ; efpe- 

 cially as thefe difeafcs have commonly been epidemic in 

 years of fcarcity, which is the only circumftancc that can 

 be obferved in common to all the epidemics defcribed by 

 authors. In addition to the works, on ergot and ignis 

 facer, formerly referred to, c.onfult, for an account of ra- 

 phania, Pulteney's View of the Writings of Linnaeus ; 

 Rothman's Paper, in the Amcenitatcs Academ. of Sweden ; 

 Tiffot. Epiftoke Med. PraA. 



RAPH ANIS, in Bolatiy, the name by which the Attics, 

 among the Greeks, called the radifli ; for the word ra- 

 phanos, or raphiimu, with thi-ni, does not exprefs the radilh, 

 but the cabba:^e. The Greek of all other places concurred 

 in caUing the radilli riiphanm, and the cabbage crambe ; and 

 it is owing to this that we have many authors who confound 

 too-ether thefe two plants, though fo very unlike one ano- 

 ther in appearance and ufe. It is generally to be under- 

 fiood, that wherever '!. neophraltus mentions the word ra- 

 phanos, he means by it the cabbage ; and the fame being ob- 

 ferved, in regard to all the other Attic writers, the whole 

 danger of confufion and error will ceafe. 



RAPHANLSTP-UM, a name given by botanifts to the 

 wild radilh, and defigned to exprefs its affinity to the culti- 

 vated one. See Rapiianus. 



RAPH ANUS, an ancient name for the Radifh, a fpecies 

 of this genus, derived from fa, eaftly, or quickly, and <iti.vi(,^.oi.i, 

 to appear, ox come forth, in allufion to the quickncfs of its 

 vegetation. — Linn. Gen. 343. Schreb. 445. Willd. Sp. 

 PI. v. 3. 560. Mart. Mill. Di6l. v. 4. Ait. Hort. Kew. 

 V. 4. 129. Sm. Fl. Brit. 723. Prodr. Fl. Grxc. Sibth. 

 V. 2. 32. JufT. 238. Tourn. t. 114. Lamarck lllullr. 

 t. 566. Gaertn. t. 143. (Raphaniilrum ; Tourn. t. 115. 

 Gartn. t. 143.) — Clais and order, Tctradynamia SUiquofa. 

 Nat. Ord. SiliquoJ.r, Linn. Cruc'tfera, Juff. 



Gen. Ch. Cal. Perianth inferior, ereft, of four oblong, 

 jTfirallel, converging, deciduous leaves, gibbous at the bafe. 

 Cor. cruciform, of four inverfely heart-fhaped, fpreading 

 petals, whofe claws are rather longer than the calyx. Nec- 

 ' tariferous glands four ; one at each iide, between the (horter 

 (famen and the piftil ; and one at each of the oppofite fides 

 between the longer (larHens and the calyx. Stam. Filaments 

 fix, awl-(haped, ereft ; two oppofite ones the length of the 

 calyx ; the relt as long as the claws of the corolla ; anthers 

 firaple. Pijl- Germen oblong, tumid, tap?ring, the length 

 of the flamens ; Ityle fcarcely any ; itigma capitate, undi- 

 Tided. Per'tc. Pod oblong, pointed, fwelling here and 

 there, imperfeftly jointed, without valves. Seeds roundiili, 

 fmooth. 



Obf. Raphanus of Tournefort and Gaertner has a fpo.igy 

 fruit, of two cells, not burfling. Raphaiiijlrum of the fame 

 authors has a jointed fruit, feparating at the joints. 



Efl. Ch. Calyx clofed. Ncttariferous glands four. 

 Pod fwelling out into knobs, imperfectly jojnted, without 

 valves. 



.1. R. fci/ivus. Common Garden Radifh. Linn. Sp. PI. 

 935. Willd. n. I. Ait. n. i. Ger. Em. 237. ' (R. 

 primus; Matth. Valgr. v. i. 399.) — Leaves lyratc. Pod 

 roundifh, tumid, of two cells. — The native country of this 

 well-known plant, fo commonly cultivated in •gardens, is not 

 afcertaiiied. Linnaeus mentions China ; but his authority 

 does not appear. Its chief value with us confifts in the 

 root, efteemed for its grateful pungency, mixed with a wa- 

 tery coolnefs. The fhape of this part varies, from its na- 

 tural fpindle-Iike figure, to a globular one, and the colour 

 ir 



of the (kin from purple to white. We doubt much whether 

 the R. iiigcr of Bauliiii, commonly called the Black Spanifli 

 Radifli, which IJnna;u8 marks ji, can belong to this fpecies. 

 Ito tinnnefs, and black rugged coat, feem to indicate more 

 than a mere variety. We have not examined the herbage. 

 The leaves of R. falivus are lyrate, notched, and rough, 

 efpecially the lower ones ; the upper part of the herb is 

 fmoother, and fotnewhat glaucous. Stem branched. Flotucrs 

 purple, coryinbofe ; foon raccmofe. Pods ereft, tumid, 

 juicy, pale, glaucous, fmooth, flightly ilriated, various in 

 length and thick nefs, tipped with an awl-fhaped beak. 

 Linnaeus cultivated at Upfal a Chinefe variety, or poflibly 

 fpecies, whofe leaves are broader and fmoother, and its whole 

 habit more lax. The oil of the feeds is faid to be ufed in 

 China. 



2. R. caudatus. Long-tailed Radifh. Linn. Mant. 95. 

 Linn. fil. Plant. Rar. fafc. I. 19. t. 10. Willd. n. 2.-r- 

 Leaves lyrate. Pod compreffed, of one cell, wavy, longer 

 than the whole plant. — Native of Java, where, according 

 to the younger Linnxus, it is cultivated, and the pickled 

 pods known by the name of Mougri. In Sweden, as well 

 as in England, it may be treated as a hardy annual, like the 

 foregoing ; but the prefent fpecies does not occur in Hort. 

 Kew., though Mr. Lambert met with it laft year in a 

 country garden in Wiltdiire. The appearance of the pL.nt, 

 weighed down to the ground by its immoderately long fer- 

 pentine pods, is altogether extraordinary. The lobes and 

 indentations of the leaves are tliarper than in the Common 

 Radifh, but the flowers and other parts, except the pods, 

 fcarcely betray any difference. 



3. K. Raphan'tjlrum. Wild Radifh, or Jointed Charlock. 

 Linn. Sp. PI. 935. Willd. n. 3. Ait. n. 2. Fl. Brit, 

 n. I, a,0. Eng. Bot. t. 856. Curt. Lond. fafc. 4. t. 46. 

 Mart. Ruft. t. 71. Fl. Dan. t. 678. (R. fylveff ris ; 

 Ger. Em. 240.) — Leaves fimply lyrate. Pod round, 

 jointed, even, of one cell. — A troublcfome weed in tke corn- 

 fields of Europe, ilowering in June and July. The root is 

 annual, fmall, and tapering. Stem branched, round, glau- 

 cous, rough with prominent bnllles, leafy. Leaves rough, 

 lyrate ; the upper ones oblong, fimply toothed. Flowers 

 numerous, lemon-coloured, changing to white in decay, 

 with purple veins ; fometimes the petals are white from the 

 firfl. Pods cylindrical, or rather tapering, beaked, knobbed 

 or imperfeftly jointed, fmooth, becoming ftriated as they 

 ripen. In" a young llate they are divided into two cells, but 

 the partition is obliterated, and confounded in one fpungy 

 mafs, as they ripen. Linnxus was of opinion that the feeds 

 of this plant caufed a convulfive difeafe, thence termed by 

 him Ri:phama, of which he has given a hiftory in Amoen. 

 Acad. v. 6. 430, with a figure, and elaborate fynonymy 

 of the plant. We have never met with any circumftance to 

 corroborate this hypothefis. 



4. R. markirnus. Sea Radifh. Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1643. 

 Ait. n. 3. ( R. Raphaniftrum y ; Fl. Brit. 723. R. ma- 

 ritimus, flore luteo, filiquis articulatis, fecundum longitu- 

 dincm eininenter ftriatis ; Raii Syn. 296. Raphaniilrum 

 fiiiqi:a articulata Itriata maxima ; Moril. v. 2. 266. Raii 

 Hiil. V. I. 806.) — Radical leaves interruptedly lyrate. 

 Pod round, jointed, fmooth, deeply furrowed, of one cell. — 

 Found on the fea-fliore in various parts of Britain, flowering 

 in May. The late Rev. Dr. Walker, and M^. J. Mackay, 

 obferved it on the weftern coafts of Scotland ; and the 

 former cultivated this plant, till his death, as an efculent 

 root, preferable to horfe radifh ; he alfo found that cattle 

 were very fond of the leaves. Mr. Turner and Mr. W. 

 Borrer gathered the fame on rocks, near Beachy Head, 

 SufTex. The root is large and fucculent, lafting two or 



three 



