RED 



RED 



Baiities of England and Wales, vol. ii. by Juliu Uritloii 

 and E. W. Drayley. 



REDSEAR. See Iron. 



REDSTONE, in Geography, a town of Peniifylvania, 

 on the Monongahela ; 55 miles N.W. of Pittfbiirg. 



REDUBBORS, thofewho buy llolen clothes, &c. and, 

 to the end they may not be known, turn them into fome 

 other falhion, &c. See Fku'J'Kuy, and Rehkatok. 



REDUCE, in Chemiflry. See Reduct. 



To Reduce a Place, in Military Language, is to oblige 

 the governor to furrender it to the befiegers by capitulation. 



To Rkhuck the Circle, is to rellore or bring back a batta- 

 lion or company which has been formed in circle to its ori- 

 ginal pofition in line. 



To Reduce the Square, is to reftore a battalion or batta- 

 lions which have been formed in a hollow or oblong fquare 

 to their natural fituation in line or column. 



REDUCED Chart. See Chart. 



To he Reduced, in Military Language, is to be taken off 

 the eltabhlhment, or ceafe to receive pay as foldiers. When 

 a regiment is reduced, the.ofiicers are generally fent upon 

 half pay. Sometimes, as at the clofe of a war, the corps are 

 reduced, and the ofScers remain upon full pay. Hence are 

 derived the expreffions in and out of the break. //; the break 

 denotes the liability of being reduced : out of the break fig- 

 nifies the certainty of being kept upon the eftablifhment. 



To be Reduced to the Ranhs-, is to be taken from a fuperior 

 appointment in a regiment, and to be ordered to the duty 

 of a common foldier. This fometimes happens by way of 

 punifhment, when a ferjeant or corporal mifbehaves. A 

 ferjeant, however, cannot, at prefent, be reduced, except 

 by fentence of a regimental court-martial. 



REDUCING Scale, is a thin broad piece of box, with 

 feveral lines and fcales of equal parts upon it ; for turning 

 chains and links into acres and rods, by infpeftion. 



It is nfed by furveyors to reduce maps and draughts from 

 one dimenfion to another ; it is fometimes alfo called a fur- 

 veying fcale. 



REDUCT, Reduit, or Redoubt, a military term, fig- 

 nifying an advantageous piece of ground, intrenched and 

 feparated from the rell of the place, camp, &c. for an army, 

 garrifon, &c. to retire to, in cafe of a furprife. Rcduits 

 have been fometimes made for the purpofe of fecuring dif- 

 ferent polls in a town independent of its citadel. They 

 were propofed by the celebrated Vauban. See DoxjON. 



Reduct, in Building, a kind of recefs, or little place, 

 taken out of a larger, to make it more uniform and regular ; 

 or for fome other convenience, as for a little cabinet alide of 

 a chimney, for alcoves, &c. 



Reduct, or Redux, among Chemijls, is a powder by 

 which calcined metals and minerals are reduced again to their 

 regulus, or pure fubitance. 



REDUCTION, Reductio, in the j'lr/joo/f, amannar of 

 bringing a term or propofition, which before was oppofite to 

 fome other, to be equivalent to it. 



ReduAion is effeited by the addition or retrenchment of a 

 negative particle. Thus, to reduce this propofition, no man 

 is an animal, to be equivalent to its oppofite, every man is an 

 animal, I drop the negative, and fay, man is an animal. 

 After the like manner might the term every man be reduced, 

 by adding the negative and faying, there is no man, 



Reductiom of Propofitions is ufed in a more general fenfe, 

 for any expreffion of one propofition, by anotiier propofition 

 equivalent to it. 



To a redudion, therefore, there are two propofitions re- 

 quired, tlic reduced, and the reducing ; which are conlldered 

 as the e.'ttremes of it, and to be connedled in the reduction by 



iiicans of the particle that is ; which liere has the cfFe£t of a 

 copula. 



As here, only animals ihinle ; that is, animals think, and 

 nothing brjides animals thinks. Where the propofition preced- 

 ing the particle is reduced, and the fubjeit of the reduftion ; 

 that following the panicle reduces, and has the effeft of the 

 predicate of the rcduAion, and the particle that is acls as a 

 copula, importing, not barely that the propofition is ex- 

 prcfled by another, but by another equivalent one, or, as 

 it were, the fame. 



Reduction of Syllogifms, is a regular changing or tranf- 

 forming of an imperfeft fyllogifm into a perfeft one. Or, 

 it is a change of a fyllogifm in refpeft of form, by which 

 the ncceflity of the illation, or inference, is made more 

 evident. 



Reduction obtains in fyllogifms of the fecond and third 

 figure ; as alfo in the indirect modes of the firft. By it thefe 

 are all brought to the firft. 



There are two kinds of this redudtion ; the one direB, or 

 qjlenjivc, performed merely by a converfion of one or both 

 the premifes, or by a tranfpofition of them ; as when camejlres 

 is reduced to celarent : the other indired, called ^fr impojjibile, 

 or ad abfurdum ; by which the perfon w'ho denies the good- 

 nefs and legitimacy of an imperfeit fyllogifm, is reduced to 

 alfert or grant fomething abfurd and impoffible, or contra- 

 diftory to fome other thing maintained by him. 



Suppofe, e.gr. a perfon granting the premifes of the fol- 

 lowing fyllogifm, denies the conclufion : All fraud is pro- 

 hibited ; but fome trading is not prohibited ; therefore fome trad- 

 ing is not fraud. We thus proceed againit kim if the fyllo- 

 gifm be not good, the antecedent is jull, but the confequent 

 falfe ; and, therefore, the contrary of the conclufion mull 

 be true : now I take the contrary of the conclufion, which 

 you thus give, viz. all trading is fraud ; and of that, with 

 the other premife ot the former fyllogifm, viz. the major, 

 which you likewife grant, make a new fyllogifm ; thus, All 

 fraud is prohibited ; all trading is fraud : therefore all trading 

 is prohibited. But this propofition, all trading is prohibited, 

 and the other, fome trading is prohibited, which you granted 

 me in the firll fyllogifm, are contraditlories. 



Reduction, in Arithmetic, is the converting of monies, 

 weights, 01- meafures, into the iame value in other denomi- 

 nations ; c. gr. pounds into (hillings and pence ; or (hillings 

 and pence into pounds. 



The reductions of the principal monies, coins, weights, 

 and meafures, ancient and modern, foreign and domeftic, 

 are found under Coin, Weight, Measure, Pound, 

 Foot, &c. 



Reduction is of two kinds : i. Defending, when a quan- 

 tity is to be brought from a higher denomination to a 

 lower. 



This is done by confidering how many of the next lefs 

 denomination are contained in the next greater before, and 

 by that number multiplying the greater. 



Thus pounds are reduced into (hillings, by multiplying 

 by 20 ; iliillings into pence, by multiplying by 12 ; and 

 pence into farthings, by multiplying by 4. 



Troy pounds are reduced into grains, by multiplying by 

 12, 20, and 24: and avoirdupois hundreds into ounces, by 

 4, 28, and 16. 



2. Afcending, when a lower denomination is to be reduced 

 to a higher. 



In order to this, the bufinefs is to divide the lead by fo 

 many of its denomination as are contained in the next greater : 

 thus, 24,720 pence, divided by 12, and the quotient by 20, 

 gives 103 pounds. 



If there remain any thing in each divilion, it is ref^eft- 



ively 



