R E F 



r'f a- bill of cxchauge, payable to the bearer or order, 

 come to be proteiled, the re-exchange is only due upon the 

 drawer for the place where the remittance was made, not for 

 thofe places where it may have been negociated ; at Icail 

 the drawer has a right to be refunded his re-exchange for 

 thofe places by the indorfer. 



Indeed, the re-exchange is due from the drawer upon all 

 places where a power of negociation is given by the bill ; 

 and upon all others, if the power of negociatiiig be m- 

 definite. 



Laftly, the intereft of the re-exchange, of the cxpences 

 of the proteft, and the journey, are only due from the day 

 of the demand. 



It is fuppofed to be the Gibtlnis driven out of Italy by the 

 faftion of the Guclphs, and fheltered at Amllcrdam, who 

 firlt eftabhflied the cuilom of re-exchange, on pretence of 

 the intereils, damages, and cxpences they underwent, when 

 the bills given them for the dk&s they had been obliged to 

 abandon, were not accepted, but came to be proteiled. 



RE-EXTENT, in Laiv, a fecond extent made upon 

 lands or tenements, on complaint that the former extent was 

 partially made. See Extent. 



REFAH, in Geography, a town of Egypt, on thecoaft 

 of the Mediterranean, anciently called " Raphia," (which 

 fee) ; i« miles N.E. of El Arifli. 



REFECTION, ReFECTIO, among Monis and EccJe- 

 fiajlics, a fpare meal or repaft, juft fufficing for the fupport 



of life. 



Refection is alfo ufed, in /incioit Authors, for a duty or 

 fervice incumbent on any perfon to provide meals for eccle- 

 fiaftics, or even for princes. 



REFECTORY, or Refectuary, RefiHorhim, a fpa- 

 cious hall in convents, and other communities, where the 

 monks, nuns, &c. take their refeftions or meals in common. 



The refeftory of the Benediftines of St. George at Ve- 

 nice, defused by P.illadio, is one of the finell in the world. 

 Daviier. 



REFERENCE, in Writing, i^c. a mark relative to an- 

 other fimilar one in the margin, or at the bottom of the page, 

 where fomething, omitted in the text, is added ; and which 

 is to be inferted either in reading or copying. A copyill 

 muft be very expert at taking references. 



References are alfo ufed in books, where things being but 

 imperfeftly handled, the reader is direfted to fome other 

 part or place where they are more amply explained. 



Diftionaries are full of references, denoted by fee or vide. 

 By means of thefe references the diftionary writer fettles 

 a correfpondence between the feveral parts of his work, and 

 may give his diiftionary moft of the advantages of a conti- 

 nued treatife. 



Indices or tables are only references to the feveral parts of 

 thew'ork where the feveral matters are handled. 



Reference, in Law, denotes the fending of any matter 

 by the court of chancery to a mailer ; and by the courts at 

 law to a prothonotary, or fecondary, to examine and report 

 to the court. (3 Lil. Abr. 432. ) If a matter in difference 

 be refen-ed to the fecondary, and one of the parties will not 

 attend at the time appointed, after notice given, to hear the 

 bufinefs referred ; the other party may proceed in the re- 

 ference alone, and get the fecondary to make his report 

 without hearing of the party not attending. (2 Lill. 342.) 

 if a queftion of mere law arifes in the courfe of a caufe in 

 chancery, as whether, by the words of a will, an ellate for 

 life or \n tail is created, or whether a future intereft devifed 

 by a teftator fnall operate as a remainder on an executory 

 devife ; it is the praftice of that court to refer it to the opi- 

 pion of the judges of the court of king's bench, or common 



R E F 



pleas, upon a cafe Hated for that purpofe, in wliich all the 1 

 material fails are admitted, and the point of law is fubmitted 

 to their decilioii ; who thereupon have it lolemnly argued by 

 rounlel on bntii lides, and certify their opinion to the chan- 

 cellor : and on fucli a certificate the decree is ufually founded. 

 It feems that tiie mailer of the rolls, fitting for the chan- 

 cellor, may make fuch reference ; but not when fitting at 

 the rolls. 2 Bro. C. C. 88. 



The court of exchequer is both a court of law and of 

 equity ; therefore, if a queftion cf mere law arifes in the 

 courfe of the exercife of its equitable jurifdirSion, the 

 barons will decide upon it in that fuit, without referring it 

 to another jurifdiclion. Bl. Comm. iii. 



REFERENDARY, Referendaiucs, in Aneieni Cuf- 

 toms, an officer who exhibited the petitions of the people to 

 the king, and acquainted the judges with his commands. 



An officer of this kind, Spelman obferves, we had in 

 England, in the time of the Saxons. The like office was 

 afterwards difcharged by others, called mafters of requefts* 



REFINING, in Mi'tallurgy and Jff'aying. In the for- 

 mer it fignifies the means of obtaining metals from their 

 ores, and from any other impurities, natural or artificial ; 

 for which fee the metals under their refpeftive heads. 

 In the latter it is employed for afcertaining the quantity 

 of the noble metals in the different alloys : for which fee 

 Cupel ; where the methods of refining in the furnace ars 

 fully treated. And for the humid procefs called /iar//'n^, fee 

 Gold. 



It may be proper here to obferve, that although the pro- 

 cefs of parting by nitric acid is Hill pradlifed, we are in- 

 clined to recommend the method propofed by Bergmann, 

 wliich coniifts in ditlolving the alloy of gold and filver in 

 nitro-muriatic acid. The filver falls to the bottom in the 

 ftate of muriate of filver, and the gold is precipitated by the 

 green fulphate of iron. The gold, by this means, is obtained 

 perfectly pure, which is feldom the cafe in the procefs of 

 parting. The trouble of telling to know what filver to add to 

 the alloy, to make the gold equal to one-fourth of the filver, 

 will be faved, and, with heat, the nitro-muriatic acid dillolves 

 the gold quite as foon as the filver is dillblved in the common 

 method. The muriate of filver, which is eafily feparated by 

 wafhing, may be readily reduced by heating it with foda in 

 an iron crucible. The foda combines with the muriatic acid, 

 and is fublimed in white fumes. 



Refining of Sugar. This operation is'begun by feveral 

 llrong lixiviums or leys of hme-watcr and eggs, fhells and 

 all, mixed and beaten together. 



The firll refining is performed in the Caribbees, and other 

 places, where the fugar-canes are cultivated ; and only ferves 

 to make the brown or coarfe fugars. 



When thefe are imported into Europe, the fugar-bakers 

 take them up, and refine them farther, by a fecond opera- 

 tion, or rather a repetition of the firft. 



To render the fugar very fine, fit for confeftions, &c. 

 they give it a third refining ; in which they only ufe the 

 whites of eggs and their fhells beaten together, and thrown 

 into the melted fugar ; which is called clarifying the fugar. 

 See Sugar. 



Refining of Salt-petre. The fait being put into an 

 earthen or iron veliel, as much fpring-water is poured on it 

 as fufBces to diflblve it. The vefTel is then put over a gen- 

 tle fire ; and as foon as the water begins to boil, alum pow- 

 der is thrown into it : the proportion is, one pound of 

 alum to one hundred and twenty-eight pounds of falt-petre ; 

 and a little vinegar is added. As it boils, the fcum is to be 

 taken off ; and it is to be evaporated till a pelHcle appears on 

 it, and then fet to fhoot. 



For 



