REPTILES. 



The levator bracliii is a very lliiek miilcle, which arifes 

 from the third bone of the ihoulder, the exterior edjje of 

 which it furrounds, and is inferted into the procefs of tlie 

 humerus refembling the olecranon, which it pulls upward 

 and outward. A mufcle analogous to the teres major arifes 

 from the neck of the tliird bone of the flioulder, externally, 

 and is inferted into tlie humerus between the two tiiberoiilies. 

 It pulls the lunnerus backward. Anotliev mufcle, which 

 (eems a fubltitute for the latifTimusdorfi, rifes from thv interior 

 part of the back-(hell, to wliicli it is attached obliquely, to 

 the interval between the two firll ribs. It is inferted nito the 

 body of the humerus behind I'lie gniater tubercle, by a flat 

 tendon. It pulls the humerus towards the upper (licU, when 

 the animal Hands upon all its four feet. A mulcle, the ufe 

 ot which fecms the fame as that of the levator bracliii, rifes 

 from the whole internal furface of that bone of the (houlder 

 which anfvvers to the clavicle, and is inferted into the whole 

 length of the olecraniform procefs, or great tuberofity of the 

 luimerus. It is very flefhy, and appears to be formed of 

 two portions. Finally, the mufcle analogous to the fcapulo- 

 i-adialis, or biceps flexor cubiti, arifes from the anterior 

 border of the humeral cavity, and is inferted into the external 

 and fuperior furfaces of the humerus by a fmall tendon, which 

 reaches as far as the bafe of the radius. It extends the 

 member, and brings it toward the head. 



Mujcles of the Fore-arm.— The frog has, properly fpeak- 

 ing, no biceps ; its place is fupplied by another, and much 

 llronger mufcle, fituated on the breail, under the peCloralis 

 major, wiih which it has the fame infertions. At the arti- 

 culation of the humerus it fends out a ilrong tendon, which 

 pafles along the groove of the humerus, and through a ten- 

 dinous ring, formed by the two parts of the peftoralis ma- 

 jor, under the deltoides. It is inferted into the humeral ex- 

 tremity of the radius, and may be named llerno-radialis. 

 There is no bracliialis internus. The triceps is compofed of 

 three parts, nearly as in man, but they are proportionally 

 larger. There is but one fupinator, which arifes from the 

 external condyle, and is inferted into the carpus. Tliere 

 is alfo but one pronator, which rifes from the internal 

 condyle, and is inferted into the carpus. In the turtle, 

 thefe mufcles are almoit entirely aponenroLic, and pro- 

 duce but very little motion, the place of the member be- 

 ing fupplied by a fin, as in the cetacea. In general, the 

 mufcles of the humerus produce the motions of the foi-e- 

 arm. 



Mufcles of the Hand and Fingers In the fea tortoifes, 



which have the carpus comprefied and fitted for fwimming, 

 the mufcles are only fimple bands of aponeurotic fibres, 

 which ft;rengthen the feveral articulations. The mufcles oi 

 the hand of the frog and falamander are very fimilar to thofe 

 of man. Thofe of the thumb are wanting, except the ex- 

 tenfor, which comes from the external condyle, and is in- 

 ferted into the lait phalanges. The other mufcles vary very 

 little. 



Mufcles of the Pelvis. — In the tortoifc, the mufcle analo- 

 gous to the quadratus lumborum expands under the back- 

 iliell, between the laft anterior ribs ; it arifes from the ilium, 

 towards the articulation of that bone with the os facrum, 

 which in this animal is moveable. This mobility of the pel- 

 vis is aliifted by a mufcle analogous to the rcftus abdominis, 

 which, .IS we have obferved, initead of extending under 

 the belly, is attached under the pollerior extremity of 

 the brealt-plate by two fl >(hy portions, the one anterior, 

 the other pollerior, which are both inferted in the ante- 

 rior margin of the external branch of the pubis. There 

 3S no pfoas parvus in frogs. The quadratus liunborum 

 extends from the long tranfverfe procefs of the third 



3 



vertebra, to the origin of the long bone of the pelvis, 

 which is analogous to the ilium. It is inferted in tiiis bone, 

 which it raifes towards the head ; their ilium being moveable, 

 like that of the tortoife. 



Mufcles of the Thigh. — In the frog there is only one glu- 

 txus, which is in the place of the medius. It arifes from 

 the elongation which fujjplies the place of the os ilium, and 

 is inferted below the head of the femur. The pyriformi* 

 conies llraight from the point of the coccyx, and is inferted 

 about one-third from the top of the os femoris. The ge- 

 mini and the obturator internus are wanting. The quadratus 

 femoris is long. It arifes from the pollerior fymphifis of the 

 ifchium, and is inferted into the inner fide of tlie thigh-bone, 

 about one-third from the head. They have neither the 

 pfoas magnus nor parvus. The iliacus is proportionally 

 elongated. The pedlineus defcends to the middle of the 

 thigh-bone. The three adduftors have the fame origins and 

 infertions as in man. The obturator externus is to be found, 

 though there is no foramen ovale. It arifes from the fym- 

 phifis pubis, and its fibres are attached to the capfular 

 ligament. In the tortoife, the mufcles of th" thigh produce 

 motions proper to fwimming ; that is to fay, the abdudtioii, 

 the adduction, deprellion, and elevation of the thigh. The 

 mufcle analogous to the addudlor longus arifes from the fym- 

 pliifis pubis, and is inferted into the internal part of the 

 thigh-bone, about one-third from its tibia! extremity. 

 Another mufcle, which cannot be eafily compared to any in 

 man, arifes from the interior of the facrum, and is inferted 

 into the little trochanters. It is another addudlor femoris. 

 A mufcle, compofed of different radiated fafciculi, arifes 

 from the broad inferior furface of tlie os pubis, and forms a 

 thick tendon inferted into the little trochanter. It occupies 

 the place, and anfwers the purpoles, of the pfoa^. :-.-.d :I;?cus. 

 That which is analogous to the addiidlor bre.i.s ariic.-. iioin 

 the fymphifis of the bones of the ifchium, and the intcr- 

 oll'eous ligament of the pubis. It is inferted into the os 

 femoris, below the little trochanter. The mufcle anfwering 

 to the glutKus maximus arifes from the fpine, oppofite to 

 the lall rib, and is inferted into the thigh-bone, below the 

 great trochanter. The mufcles analogous to the glutKus 

 medius and minimus can hardly be diflinguillied from each 

 other. They rife from the internal furface of the os pubis, 

 and are inferted into the great trochanter. That which re- 

 fembles the obturator internus arifes from the internal fur- 

 face of the ilium, and the fuperior edge of the cotyloid ca- 

 vity, and is inferted into the great trochanter. 



Mufcles of the Leg. — The frog has the thighs round, like 

 thofe of a man, and the mufcles of the leg are very confpi- 

 cuous. The triceps femoris is formed only of two very 

 diflindl portions. The vallus externus and crurali? are nia- 

 nifeflly but one. There is no rettiis anterior. Tlie biceps 

 flexor cruris has only one belly. It arifes from the pollerior 

 and internal part of the ilium, and is inferted into the exte- 

 rior and anterior furface of the tibia, for there is no fibula. 

 The femi-membranofus is like the human ; but the femi-ten- 

 dinofus is compofed of two bellies, one ot which rifes from 

 the fymphifis pubis, and the other from that of the ifchium. 

 The fartorius is fituated exaftly in the front of the thigh, 

 without any obhquity. There is nothing remarkable in the 

 gracilis. There is no dillintt poplitsus. Some differences 

 occur in the mufcles of the leg of the tortoife. Thefe have 

 a relation to the faculty of fwimming, for which its extre- 

 mities are fitted. The mufcle which takes the place of the 

 femi-membranofus arifes from the interofieous ligament of 

 the pelvis, and proceeds to form a flrong aponeurolis at 

 the inferior part of the leg. That which correfponds to 

 the femitendinofus arifes alfo from the iuteroileous liga- 

 ment : 



