R 1. S 



11 E S 



with oaks and beeches, he might be grievoufly difap- 

 pointed, as not any would probably grow, imt fpiry larches, 

 dark Scotch firs, birches, and mountain alh, or perhaps only 

 ivy and elder. This may furnilh a variety of ufeful hints to 

 the defigner, as well as others. 



The general character of the furrounding fcenery is equally 

 deferving of attention as the trees, and ihould concur in decid- 

 ing on the llyle of the reiidence. It is a common notion that 

 buildings Ihould form ftrong contrails to the works of nature, 

 from which various Ityles of them have been fuggefted 

 under different circumflances ; but more full inquiry will 

 Ihew that very fudden contrails are not found in general 

 nature, though they may accidentally occur in fome cafes, 

 confequently that they are highly improper to be ufed in 

 this way. 



With refpect to the colour of the rocks, and the ground, 

 it is faid, that, not merely the general forms of the furface, 

 but the appearances ot the foil and the rocks, Ihould defervc 

 attention, as contributing greatly to promote the principle 

 of harmony. The tints of rocks, itoues, gravel, and the 

 foil, are mollly the fame in one part of the country. Where 

 they agree with the colour of the reiidence, the effect mull, 

 it is fuppofed, be Angularly happy, as feen in the works of 

 painters, as well as in the ancient residences of the country- 

 kind. But where they difagree, it mull be difgufting, as is 

 feen in many cafes of white-wafhing buildings in rocky fitu- 

 ations. This i urnifhes hints which may be ufeful in managing 

 that procefs to the moll advantage in other cafes ; and others 

 are likewife thrown out upon different matters, which are 

 equally ufeful. But the defigner is cautioned agaiult carry- 

 ing thefe, or any other notions, into the extreme, contrary to 

 ih ■ common practice ; as where the expreffion of gaiety, or 

 linking beauty, is delirable, no reafons fuggelled from the 

 colour of the rocks or foil are intended to hinder the pro- 

 duction ot thefe characters, if in general harmony with what 

 iurrounds tl 



Tli re arc many other matters which relate to the fubject, 

 that are forcibly pointed out, and the means of executing 

 them well explained, in the work alluded to above, fuch as 

 the methods of uniting refidences of this fort with the 

 grounds by means of the oilices and appendages of other 

 kinds ; and with the furrounding country or fcenery by the 

 former, as well as by architectural appendages principally 

 of the ornamental defcription. Alio as to the modes of ex- 

 ecuting and finifhing them. 



More full information on the whole of this fubjeef may be 

 obtained from the above treatife, and the writings of Knight, 

 Price, and others on the fame head. 



RESIDENT, a public minifter, who manages the 

 affairs ot a king in the court of a prince, or petty ftate ; or 

 the affairs of a prince, or petty Hate, in the court of a king 

 or pi inc 



, the king of England has refidents in the marts of 

 the electors, and other princes of Germany and Italy ; at 

 the republics oi Genoa and Lucca ; and they, reciprocally, 

 have refidents in the court of Great Britain. 



Refidents are a clafs of public minifters inferior to am- 

 baffadors and envoys ; but, like them, they are under the 

 protection of the law of nations. 



Tii refident does not reprefent the prince's perfon in his 



lity, but only in his affairs. His reprefentation is in 



reality of tin- fame nature as tlwt of tin- envoy ; and he is 



accordingly, together with the envoy, often termed a mi- 

 nitler ol the fecond order; and thus the public minilters 

 are diftinguifhed only into two clalfes ; ambafl'adors, who 

 have the reprefentative character, fo termed by way ol 

 Vo, . XXX. 



excellence, and all the minifters who are not inverted with 

 that eminent character. 



Resident, Refidens, in our Ancient Cujloms, was a tenant 

 who was obliged to refide on his lord's land, and not to 

 depart from the fame, called alfo homme levant and couchant, 

 and in Normandy rcfleant du fief. 



" Quafitumque de allis t neat, ei magis obnoxius eft ; 

 & ejus refidens efle debet, cujus legius eft." Leg. H. I. 



RESIDENTIARY", Residentiahius, a canon in- 

 -lail'-d to the privileges and profits of reiidence. 



RESIDUAL Analysis, is a branch of algebra invented 

 by Landen, and applied to the folution of thofe problems 

 ulually folved by means of the differential and integral 

 calculus, or the direct and inverfe method of fluxions ; by 

 which the ingenious author thought to be able to avoid the 

 objections generally made to the new calculus under either 

 of the above forms. With regard to the fluxional procefs, 

 he thought it more free from objection than the differential 

 calculus ; although many important ones might be difco- 

 vered in it. However natural, fays the author, it may be, in 

 certain problems, to conlider fuch magnitudes as enter there- 

 in, to be generated by motion, it fcems very unnatural to 

 bring motion into confederation in the folution of queftions 

 purely algebraical. Nor does it feem natural in the folution 

 of problems concerning the motion of bodies, to fuper- 

 induce imaginary motions, and thereby bring into confidera- 

 tion the velocity of time, the velocity of velocity, &c. ; 

 nor yet does it appear more natural, in the refolution of 

 other problems, to make ufe of the fluxionary method, when 

 (as is moll commonly the cafe in that doctrine) the fluxions 

 introduced into the procefs can, only in a figurative fenfe, 

 be faid to be the velocities of increafe of the quantities 

 called their fluents ; fuch figurative expreffions not being 

 the natural language of analytics, but frequently, inftead of 

 conveying clear and dillinft ideas, are confufedly employed 

 in treating of quantities as generated by motion, which in 

 reality cannot be conceived to be fo generated. That thefe 

 are legal objections to the doctrine of fluxions we are not 

 difpoled to deny ; but it is now generally admitted, that 

 the defect of the fluxionary calculus is by far lefs than that 

 which has place in the relidual analyfis, which M. Landen was 

 defirouB of fubftituting for it. Indeed, we believe its defects 

 were lo obvious, that few, if any, mathematicians were induced 

 to make it the foundation of any of their investigations ; and 

 it would, therefore^ be ulelefs tor us to occupy our pages in 

 explaining the principles on which the author relied his cal- 

 culus. We fhall, therefore, merely obferve, that in this 

 analyfis, a geometrical or phylieal problem is reduced to 

 another purely algebraical ; and the folution is then ob- 

 tained without any luppolition of motion, and without 

 confidering quantities as compofed of infinitely fmall par- 

 tides. 



Inftead of finding the fluxion of a variable quantity, in 

 the relidual analyfis, the author proceeds by taking the 

 diffi rence of the lame function of the variable, in two dif- 

 ferent Hates of that quantity, and exprefling the relation of 

 this difference to the difference between the two Hates of the 



variable quantit) itfelf. This relation, being fuit cxprell'cd 

 generally, is then conlidercd in the cafe in winch the dif- 

 Ference of the two Hates oi the variable quantity is equal to 

 zero. 



Thus when, in the fluxionary calculus, it would be ne- 



m 



ceffary to find the fluxion of Inch a quantity v • , which is 



'•i n 



— v ' v, M. Landen takes the quotient of 



r ij — ny 



D when 



