11 E T 



RET 



oath. But moil of thefe ttatutes are repealed by a flatute 

 3 Car. I. 



Retainer of Debts, a remedy which the law gives to an 

 executor or adminillrator for the debt, by allowing him to 

 retain fo much as will pay himfelf, before any other creditors 

 whofe debts are of equal degree. ( See Debt. ) \ The debts 

 of co-executors mall be difcharged in proportion. An exe- 

 cutor of his own wrong (hall not, in any cafe, be permitted 

 to retain. 



RETAINING-Fee, is the firft fee given in any caufe to 

 a ferjeant or counfellor at law, by which to make him fure, 

 that he (hall not be on the contrary fide. 



RETALIATION, Retaliatio, the aft of returning 

 like for like. See TaUONIS Lex. 



When a nation cannot obtain juftice, either for a lofs or 

 an injury, it has a right to do itfelf juftice. But before it 

 declares war, there are various methods praftifed among na- 

 tions for obtaining fatisfaftion. Among thefe is that called 

 the law of retaliation, according to which we make another 

 fuffer exactly fo much evil as he has done. Many have ex- 

 tolled this law, as being derived from the moft ftrict juftice ; 

 and can we be furprifed- at their having propofed it to 

 princes, when they have even dared to give it for a rule to 

 the Deity himfelf! The ancients called it the law of Rha- 

 damanthus. Although a nation may punifli another which 

 has done it an injury, if it refufes to give juft fatisfaclion ; 

 yet it has not a right to extend the penalty beyond what is 

 required bv ks own fafety. Retaliations, unjuft between 

 private perfons, would be much more fo between nations, 

 becaufe here the punimment would, with difficulty, tall on 

 thofe who have done the injury. What right would you 

 have to cut off the nofe and ears of the amballador of a bar- 

 barian, who had treated yours in the fame manner ? As to 

 thofe reprifals in time of war, which partake of the nature 

 of retaliation, they are juftified on other principles. (See 

 Reprisals.) All that "is true in this idea of retaliation is, 

 that every thing be equal ; the pain ought to bear fome pro- 

 portion to the evil required to be punifhed ; the end and 

 even the foundation of punifhment requiring thus much. 



RETARDATION, Retardatio, in Phyfics, die aft 

 of retarding ; that is, of delaying the motion or progrefs of 

 a body, or of diminiming its velocity. 



The retardation of moving bodies arifes from two great 

 caufes, the refijlance of th , and the force of gravity. 



The Retardation from the Refijlance is frequently con- 

 founded with the reliftance itfelf; becaufe, with refpeel to 

 the fame moving body, they are in the fame proportion. See 

 Resistance. 



With refpeft to different bodies, however, the fame re- 

 fiftance often generates different retardations. For if bodies 

 of equal bulk, but different denfities, be moved through the 

 fame fluid with equal velocity, the fluid will acl equally on 

 each ; fo that they will have equal refiftances, but different 

 retardations ; and the retardations will be to each other as 

 the velocities which might be generated by the fame forces 

 in the bodies propofed ; that is, they are inverfely as the 

 quantities of matter in the bodies, or inverfely as the den- 

 fities. 



Suppofe, then, bodies of equal denfity, but of unequal 

 bulk, to move equally faff through the fame fluid, their re- 

 fiftance increases according to their fuperficies ; that is, as 

 the fquares of their diameters. But the quantities of mat- 

 ter are increafed in proportion to the cubes ©f the diameters : 

 the refiftances are the quantities of motion ; the retardations 

 are the celerities arifing from them ; and dividing the quan- 

 tities of motion by the quantities of matter, you will have 



the celerities ; therefore the retardations are directly as the 

 fquares of the diameters, and inverfely as the cubes of the 

 diameters ; that is, inverfely as the diameters themfelves. 



If the bodies be equal, move equally fwift, and are of the 

 fame denfity, but move through different fluids, their re- 

 tardatious are as the denfities of thofe fluids. 



And when bodies equally denfe, and of equal bulk, are 

 carried through the lame fluid with different velocities, the 

 retardations are as the fquares of the velocities. 



The Retardation from Gravity is peculiar to bodies 

 projected upwards. A body thrown upwards is retarded 

 after the fame manner as a falling body is accelerated ; only, 

 in the one cafe, the force of gravity confpires with the mo- 

 tion acquired ; and in the other, it acts contrary to it. 



As the force of gravity is uniform, the retardation from 

 that caufe will be equal in equal times. 



Hence, as it is the fame force which generates motion in 

 the falling, and diminiihes it in the rifing body, a body rifes 

 till it has loft all its motion ; which it does in the fame time 

 in which a body falling would have acquired a velocity equal 

 to that with which the body was thrown up. 



Thus, alfo, a body thrown up will rile to the fame height, 

 from which falling, it would acquire the velocity with which 

 it is thrown up ; therefore the heights, which bodie r *' jwn 

 up with different velocities can rife to, are to each other ?s 

 the fquares of the velocities. 



Hence, the retardations of motions may be compared to- 

 gether : for they are, firft, as the fquares of the velocities ; 

 Secondly, as the denfities of the fluids through which the 

 bodies are moved ; thirdly, inverfely, as the diameters of 

 thofe bodies ; laftly, inverfely, as the denfities of the bodies 

 themfelves. 



The numbers in the ratio compounded of thofe ratios, 

 exprefs the proportion of the retardations ; multiplying the 

 fquare of the velocity by the denfity of the fluid, and di- 

 viding the product by the product of the diameter of the 

 body multiplied into its denfity ; and working thu9 for fe- 

 veral motions, the quotients of the divifions will have the 

 fame compound ratio to one another. 



RETARDATION of Motion, Laws of. I. If the motion 

 of a body be uniformly retarded, that is, if its celerity be 

 diminiihed equally in equal times, the fpace it pailes over is 

 one half of th.it it would pafs over in the fame time by an 

 uniform motion. 



2. The fpaces defcribed in equal times by an uniformly 

 retarded motion, decreafe according to the uneven num- 

 bers 9, 7, 5, 3, &c. See Acceleration and Motion. 



RETCH, or Retches, a name given by our farmers 

 to an iron, or a pair of irons, which in the common plough 

 ferve to fallen the fheet to the beam. The retches are faf- 

 tened to the fheet with nails, and to the beam with pins. 



RETCHANI, in Geography, a town of Ruflia, in the 

 government of Pilcov ; 16 miles S. of Tropeta, 



RETCHING, or Reaching, the effort or endeavour 

 to vomit. See Nausea. 



RETCHNA, in Geography, a circar or province of 

 Hindooftan, fituated between the rivers Rauvee and Chu- 

 naub ; in which ave the cities of Lahore, Ameenadab, Seal- 

 cot, and feveral other towns. 



RETE Malpighii, in Anatomy, the network com- 

 poiing the cellular ftructure of the lungs. 



Rete Mirabile, the plexus of veffels formed bv the in- 

 ternal carotid arteries of animals, before they branch out to 

 the brain. See Mammalia. 



Rete Mucofum, the foft delicate layer of the integu- 

 ments interpofed between the cuticle and the true fkin, in 



which 



