11 E V 



REV 



caftle, a palace, and a convent of Dominicans ; 3 miles 

 N.W. of Saluzzo. 



REVELS, formed from the French reveiller, to awake, 

 as alluding to the night feafon, when they were chiefly held ; 

 entertainments of dancing, ma(king, gaming, acting co- 

 medies, farces, &c. anciently very frequent in inns of courts, 

 at certain feafons, and in noblemen's houfes, &c. but now 

 much diiufed. 



The officer who has the direction or ordering of the revels 

 at court, is called the maflcr of the revels. 



REVELSKOI, in Geography, a province of Ruffia, fo 

 called from Revel the capital, bounded on the N. and W. 

 by the Baltic, on the E. by the government of Peterfburg, 

 and on the S. by the government of Riga ; about 144 miles 

 in length, and from 16 to 60 in breadth ; formerly the 

 duchy of Efthonia. N. lat. 58° 20' to 59 30'. E. long. 

 23 to 28'. See Esthonia and Revel. 



REVENGE, in Ethics, is an infatiable defire to facrifice 

 every confederation of pity and humanity to the principle 

 of vindictive juitice. It renders the demands of that ter- 

 rific giant paramount to every other claim. It is a pro- 

 penfity to retaliate evil, too fervent to be cooled by time, 

 too deep and inveterate to be obliterated by conceffions and 

 intreaties. It anticipates joy in the contemplation of fighs 

 and groans, and the only moment of tranfport is the inftant 

 of inflifting mifery. This difpofition approaches very 

 near to permanent malevolence of the moft defpicable cha- 

 racter. The abstract idea of juitice, however, forms a par- 

 tition between them ; for to this, malevolence has no rightful 

 claim. But its more honourable diftinc/tion confrfts in that 

 repentance, which humanity excites in the mind that is not 

 totally obdurate, after the gratification of this dreadful 

 paffion. 



Anger long indulged to excefs is apt to produce revenge. 

 See Anger. 



REVENUE, the yearly rent or profits arifing to a man 

 from his lands, poSl'effions, &c. 



The word is French, formed from revenir, to return. 

 Whence revenue is fometimes alfo ufed in ancient authors for 

 a return ; as the revenue of Eafter. 



The revenues of the EngliSh clergy were firfl fixed by- 

 king Ethelwulph, anno 853, who granted them for ever 

 the tithe of all goods, and the tenth part of all the lands of 

 England, free from all fecular fervice, taxes, impositions, 

 &c. Though Rapin obferves, that tithes were fettled on 

 the clergy by the laws of Ina and Offa. But thefe laws 

 were probably not obferved, or perhaps Ethelwulph ex- 

 tended the law of tithes all over England. See Tithe. 



The certain revenues of the king of England were an- 

 ciently greater than thofe of any king in Europe ; and till 

 the time of the civil wars they enjoyed, in domains and fee- 

 farm rents, almoSt enough to difcharge all the ordinary ex- 

 pences of the crown, without any tax or impofition on the 

 fubjedl. 



The revenue which the Britilh conftitution hath veiled in 

 the royal perfon, in order to fupport his dignity, and main- 

 tain his power, is either ordinary or extraordinary. 



The king's ordinary revenue is fuch as hath either fub- 

 fifled time out of mmd in the crown, though, by reafon of 

 royal grants, the king be not at prefent in the actual pof- 

 feffion of the whole of it ; or elfe has been granted by par- 

 liament, by way of purchafe or exchange for fuch of the 

 king's inherent hereditary revenues, as were found incon- 

 venient to the fubjeft. Of the king's ordinary revenues 

 there are four, which are of an ecclefiattical kind. Such 

 are, 1. The cullody of the temporalities of bifhops, or all 

 the lay revenues, lands, and tenements, (in which is in- 



4 



eluded his barony,) which bel«ng to an archbishop's or 

 bifhop's fee, and which, upon the vacancy of the biftiopric, 

 revert immediately to the king, as his right, during the va- 

 cancy. This branch of the royal revenue was formerly 

 very considerable, but is now, by cuftornary indulgence, 

 reduced almolt to no'hing ; for, at prefent, as foon as the 

 new bifhop is confecratcd and confirmed, he ufually receives 

 the reilitution of his temporalities, entire and untouched, 

 from the king ; and then, but not fooner, he has a fee- 

 fimple in his bifhopric, and may maintain an action for the 

 profits. (Co. Litt. 67. 341.) 2. A corody out of every 

 bifhopric, or a right of fending one of his chaplains to be 

 maintained by the bifhop, or to have a penfion allowed him 

 till the bifhop promotes him to a benefice (F. N. B. 230.) ; 

 which is now fallen into total difufe ; though fir Matthew 

 Hale fays, that it is due of common right, and that no pre- 

 fcription will difcharge it. 3. The tithes arifing in extra- 

 parochial places, which are held, indeed, under an implied 

 truft, that the king will diflribute them for the good of the 

 clergy in general. (2 Infl. 647.) 4. The firlt-fruits and 

 tenths of all fpiritual preferments in the kingdom. Sec 

 FlIt&T-Fruits and Tenths. 



The following branches cf the king's ordinary revenue 

 are of a lay or temporal nature. 5. The firit of thefe con- 

 fills in the rents and profits of the demefne lands of the 

 crown, which are either the fhare referved to the crown at 

 the original distribution of landed property, or fuch as came 

 to it afterwards by forfeitures or other means, and were 

 formerly very extenfive, but are now contracted within a 

 very narrow compafs, having been almolt entirely granted 

 away to private fubjects. 6. The advantages which ufed 

 to arile to the king from the profits of his military tenures, 

 to which moll lands in the kingdom were fubje£t, till they 

 were in a great meafure aboliflied by the ftatute 12 Car. II. 

 cap. 24. to which may be alfo referred the profitable pre- 

 rogative of purveyance and pre-emption ; which branches 

 of the royal revenue and power were refigned entirely by 

 king Charles at his Restoration ; in recompence for which, 

 the parliament fettled on him, his heirs and fucceffors for 

 ever, the hereditary excife of fifteen pence per barrel on all 

 beer and ale fold in the kingdom, and a proportionable fum 

 for certain other liquors ; fo that this hereditary excife 

 forms the Sixth branch of his majeSty's ordinary revenue, 



7. The rents payable to the crown by fuch perfons as are 

 licenfed to fell wine by retail throughout England, except 

 in a few privileged places, firfl fettled on the crown by the 

 ftatute 12 Car. II. cap. 25. but aboliflied by the ftatute 

 30 Geo. II. cap. 19. when an annual fum of upwards of 

 7000/. per annum, ifluing out of the new Stamp duties im- 

 pofed on wine licences, was fettled on the crown in its Stead. 



8. The profits arifing from the king's forefts, confiiling 

 principally in amercements or fines levied for offences againlt 

 the forefl-laws, for levying which, few, if anv, courts have 

 been hell Since 1632, 8 Car. I. 9. The profits arifing 

 from the king's ordinary courts of juflice ; confiiling not 

 only in tines impofed upon offenders, forfeitures of recog- 

 nizances, and amercements levied upon defaulters, but alio 

 in certain fees due to the crown in a variety of legal mat- 

 ters ; as for Setting the great feal to charters, original writs, 

 and other forenfic proceedings, and for permitting fines to 

 be levied of lands in order to bar entails, or otherwise to 

 infure their title. Thefe, in procefs of time, have been al- 

 molt all granted to private perfons, or elfe appropriated to 

 certain particular ufes. All future grants of thefe, by 

 I Ann. flat. 2. cap. 7. are to endure for no longer time 

 than the prince's life who grants them. 10. The right to 

 royal fifh. 1 1. The revenue arifing from Shipwrecks, which 



is 



