11HAMNUS. 



fpreading branches. Leaves pointed, finely veined. Clujlers 

 many-flower-d, the length of the footjlalks. Flowers fmall, 

 yellowifh-green. Style very ftiort. Berry the fize of a fmall 

 pepper-corn, either quite globular, or obfcurely three-lobed, 

 pellucid, pale green, with one or three feeds. It ripens in 

 Oaober. . 



30. R. hybridus. Mule Buckthorn. L'Hent. Sert. 

 Angl. 5. Willd. n. 28.—" Leaves oblong, pointed, fer- 

 rated, fcarcely perennial. Stem erett. Flowers male and 

 female on the fame tree."— L'Heritier defcribes this as 

 having fprung up in a garden, from feeds of R. alpinus im- 

 pregnated by R. Alaternus, and partaking of the nature of 

 both parents. , 



31. R. Alaternus. Common Alaternus. Linn. Sp. PI. 281. 

 Willd. n. 29. Ait. n. 17. (Alaternus 1 et 2 ; Clu. Hill. 

 v. 1.50. Ger. Em. 1398.)— Leaves ovate, ferrated, co- 

 riaceous, fmooth. Stem erect. Flowers dioecious, in ax- 

 illary, fomewhat compound, brafteated clufters. Stigma in 

 three deep fegments.— Native of the fouth of Europe. A 

 hardy evergreen/?>ru£ in our gardens, flowering in the fpring. 

 The leaves are about an inch long, of a mining yellowifh- 

 green, and of a thick rigid texture. Flowers copious, yel- 

 lowifh. Berries dark purple, with two or three feeds. 



The 30th fpecies of Willdenow, R. carpinif alius, adopted 

 from Pallas's Fl. RofT. t. 60, is, we believe, the fame tree 

 with Ulmus nemoralis, Willd. Sp. PI. v. I. 1326, or at leaft 

 of the fame genus. See Ulmus. 



Seft. 3. Branches armed with priclles. 



32. R. capenfts. Prickly Cape Buckthorn. Thunb. 

 Prodr. 44. Willd. n. 31.—" Prickles folitary. Leaves 

 ovate, notched or entire, fmooth. Umbels axillary." — 

 Found by Thunberg, at the Cape. 



33. R. circumfcijfus. Prickly Eail-Indian Buckthorn. 

 Linn. Suppl. 152. Willd. n. 32.— Prickles folitary, hooked. 

 Leaves obovate, abrupt, emarginate, entire, fmooth. Umbels 



axillary. Found by Koenig, in the Eaft Indies. Branches 



angular. Prickles numerous, ftrong. Leaves almoit an inch 

 long, and nearly as broad. Umbels many -flowered. Style 

 fimple, fhort, permanent. Bafe of the calyx cup-like after 

 the limb is fallen. 



Rhamnus, in Gardening, furnifhes plants of the tree 

 and fhrub kinds, of which the fpecies cultivated are ; the 

 purging buckthorn (R. catharticus) ; the pubefcent rham- 

 nus, or buckthorn redwood ( R. colubrinus) ; the alder buck- 

 thorn, or berry-bearing alder ( R. frangula) ; the common 

 Chrift's-thorn ( R. paliurus) ; the common alaternus ( R. 

 alaternus); the blunt-leaved buckthorn (R.jujuba); the 

 pointed-leaved buckthorn ( R. ccnoplia) ; the flnning-leaved 

 buckthorn, or common jujube (R. zizyphus) ; and the Sy- 

 rian Chrift's-thorn (R. fpina Chrifti). 



It is found that the juice of the unripe berries, in the firft 

 fort, has the colour of faffron, and is ufed for ftaining maps 

 or paper, being fold under the name of French berries : the 

 juice of the ripe berries, mixed with alum, is the fap-green 

 of the painters ; but if the berries be gathered late in the 

 autumn, the juice is purple. The bark affords a beautiful 

 yellow dye. 



In the third fort, the berries gathered before they are ripe, 

 dye wool green and yellow ; when ripe, blue-grey, blue, 

 and green. The bark dyes yellow, and with preparations 

 of iron, black. 



There are two varieties of this fort, the broad-leaved, 

 which has larger and rougher leaves ; it grows naturally on 

 the Alps : and the dwarf er round-leaved, which is of humble 



frowth, feldom rifing above two feet high ; it grows on the 

 'yrenees. 

 The fifth is a native of the fouth of Europe, and of Bar- 



bary. The frefh branches or young moots, with the leaves, 

 will dye wool a fine yellow. It flowers about April. And 

 there are varieties with variegated leaves, commonly called 

 bloatched phillyrea by the nurferymen ; and with the 

 leaves ftriped with white and with yellow, called iilver and 

 gold-ftriped alaternus. The latter has the leaves much 

 longer and narrower, and the ferraturcs on the edges 

 much deeper : this fhoots its branches more ereft, forms a 

 handfomer bum, and is equally hardy. It is likewife ob- 

 ferved, that the phillyrea is fometimes different ; and accord- 

 ing to fome, there are alfo the large-growing, the fmall- 

 growing, the broad-lea-ved, the narrow-jagged-leaved, the 

 yellow-ftriped jagged-leaved, the white-ftriped jagged- 

 leaved : all which are confounded with the alaternus, by 

 fuch perfons as are not botanills ; but they may eafily be 

 diftinguifhed by the pofition of their leaves, which are alter- 

 nate in this, but placed oppofite by pairs in that. And it 

 is fuppofed, that the alaternus was much more in requeft 

 formerly than at prcfent, having been planted again il walls 

 in court -yards to cover them, as alfo to form evergreen hedges 

 in gardens ; for which purpofe it is very improper, as the 

 branches (hoot very vigoroufly, and being pliant, are fre- 

 quently difplaced by the wind ; in winter, when much fnow 

 falls in ftill weather, the weight of it often breaks the 

 branches ; thefe hedges muft alio be clipped three times in 

 a feafon to keep them in order, which is both expenfive and 

 occafions a great litter in a garden. 



The fruit, in the eighth fort, is fold in the market at Can- 

 ton during the autumn. In Italy and Spain it is ferved up at 

 the table in deferts during the winter feafon, as a dry fweet- 

 meat. 



And the common or cultivated jujube, according to 

 Miller, has a woody Halk, dividing into many crooked irre- 



gular branches, armed with ftrong ftraight thorns, fct by 

 pairs at each joint ; the leaves are two inches long and one 

 broad, flightly ferrate, on fhort footllalks ; the flowers are 

 produced on the fide of the branches, two or three from the 

 fame place, feffile, fmall and yellow : the fruit oval, the fize 

 of a middling plum, fweetifh and clammy, including a hard 

 oblong ftone, pointed at both ends. 



The wild jujube has (lender woody ftalks, which fend out 

 many weak branches, covered with a greyilh bark, and armed 

 with fpines in pairs, one longer and ftraight, the other fhort 

 and recurved ; the leaves fmall, oval, veined, half an inch 

 in length and breadth, and feffile. It is found about Tunis 

 in Africa. 



Method of Culture. — The firft, third, and fourth forts may 

 be increafed by ieeds, layers, and fometimes by cuttings ; 

 the feeds fliould be fown in autumn as foon as ripe, on a bed 

 of light earth, and flightly raked in : the plants moftly ap- 

 pear in the following fpring, and when they have had a year 

 or two's growth, they (hould be planted out in nurfery-rows, 

 to have two or three years more growth, when they may be 

 finally fet out where they are to ftand. 



It may be noticed that the layers fhould always be made 

 from the young fhoots, and be laid down in the autumn, 

 in the ufual way, giving a little twift or nick at the time 

 in the bark, at a joint. They moftly become well rooted in 

 twelve months afterwards. 



Cuttings of the firft and third forts may be made from the 

 young twigs, and be planted in rows in the autumn, in a 

 bed of good earth, when moft of them will fucceed and grow 

 well. 



And all the evergreen or alaternus kinds may be raifed 

 from feeds and by layers. The plain forts fucceed in 

 both methods, but the variegated forts only with certainty 

 by layers, well laid down. 



And 



