R I S 



We (hall here fubjoin a few remarks on the adjuftmfnt of 

 lodes. In the adjudment of a lofs, the firft thing to be 

 confidered is how to afcertain the " quantity of damage" 

 for which the underwriters are liable ; and the next point to 

 be fettled is by what rule this (hall be " appretiated." In 

 order to afcertain the quantity of damage, the infured ought 

 to know whether the lofs be total or partial ; if it be total, 

 and the policy is a valued one, the infured is entitled to re- 

 ceive the whole fum infured, fuhjeft to fuch deductions as 

 may have been agreed, by the policy, to be made in cafe of 

 lofs. On a valued policy, t lie value is admitted, and the 

 infured has only to prove, if the infurance was on goods, 

 that the goods valued were on board. Upon an open policy, 

 it is moreover neceflary to prove the value of them, for which 

 value (not exceeding the fum infured) the infurers are 

 refponfible. But in the cafe of a partial lofs, the indemnity, 

 fecured by either fort of policy, is, that if the thing in- 

 fured do not come fafe to the deflined port, but is leflened 

 in value by damage received in the voyage, the lofs (hall be 

 borne by the infurer. When the lofs confifts in the total 

 lofs of one entire individual parcel of the goods infured, and 

 this is capable of a diftinft valuation ; as if, out of too hog- 

 (heads of fugar, 10 are loft, the infurer mult pay the value 

 of the 10. When a part of the goods infured is faved, and 

 this exceeds the amount or the freight, the praftice is to 

 deduct the freight from the falvage, and to make up the 

 lofs upon the difference. But where the freight exceeds the 

 falvage, then it is a total lofs. Where the goods infured 

 are damaged in the whole or in part, it is neceiTary to 

 afcertain the quantity of fuch damage, by taking the value 

 of the damaged goods from the prime cod, and the re- 

 mainder will be the amount of the lofs. If feveral articles 

 be infured for one entire fum, but with a didinft valuation 

 to each, and only one be put in ri(k ; if that one be loft, 

 the infured (hall recover fuch a proportion of the fum in- 

 fured as the value of the article bore to the value of the 

 whole. If there be a claufe in the policy, to be free of 

 average from a particular rifle, under fo much^r cent., and 

 a lofs occafioned by that rifk takes place, the proportion 

 which the lofs bears to the cargo muft be calculated upon 

 the cargo which was on board when the lofs happened, not 

 upon that which was on board at any other time. 



In appretiating the lofs, averages are fettled according to 

 the price of the articles at the time of fettling. This is the 

 rule of the Rhodian law, and of the laws of Wifbuy. In 

 France, where almolt all policies are valued, the infured has 

 his eleftion to fix the previous valuation, either at the prime 

 coft, or at the current price at the time and place of loading. 

 The (ame rule that applies tp goods, applies alio to the (hip, 

 which is always valued at the fum (he is worth at the time of 

 her departure, or at lead at the commencement of the rift. 

 Goods brought from a diftance, may be valued at their im- 

 proved price; but in France it is ufually llipulated in the 

 policy, that the Ihip (hall remain of the fame value during 

 the voyage. 



In England, if the policy be an open one, it is an in- 

 variable rule to eftimate a total lofs at the prime cod of the 

 goods ; that is, the invoice price, and all duties and ex- 

 pences till they are put on board, together with the pre- 

 mium of infurance. A Ihip is valued at the fum (lie is 

 worth at the time flic (ails on the voyage infured, including 

 the expences of repairs, the value of her furniture, pro- 

 vifions and (lores, the money advanced to the failors, and, 

 in general, every expeflce of the out-fit, to which is added 

 the premium of infurance. 



A partial lofs, upon cither (hip or goods, is that propor- 

 tion ot the prime cod, which is equal to the diminution 



R I S 



in value occafioned by the damage. And in a cafe v 

 occurred with regard to a valued policy upon goods, it wai 

 determined that the diminution in value was that proportion 

 of the value, in the policy, which the difference between 

 the price of the found, and the price of the damaged, bore- 

 to the price of the found in the port of delivery. An in- 

 furer is never to be involved in the rife or fall of the market. 



An adjudment being indorfed en the policy, and figned by 

 the underwriters, with a promife to pay in a given time, is 

 prima facie evidence againft them, and amounts to an ad- 

 miflion of all the fafts neceffary to be proved by the infured 

 to entitle him to recover in an action on the policy. It is 

 like a note of hand, and being proved, the infured has no 

 occafion to go into proof of any other circumilance. An 

 adjudment, however, may be impeached by (hewing that 

 the underwriter was induced to fign it by fome fraud or con- 

 cealment, or by fome mifconception of the law or fact. 

 Marfhall's Treatife on the Law of Infurance. See Policy. 

 Recapture, and Warranty. 



In matters of infurance, it is a maxim, that all is nevei 

 to be rifked on one bottom, or in the fame veffel ; to denote, 

 that afiurers mud aft with difcretion in the iigning of poli- 

 cies, and not hazard too much on each veffel ; there bein^ 

 more to be expected from feveral than from one. 



RISKUPITZ, in Geography, a town of Moravia, in th r 

 circle of Znaym ; 9 miles W. of Krumau. 



RISOER, a fea-port town of Norway, in the province 

 of Chridianfand, on a peninfala projecting into the North 

 fea; 52 miles N.E. of Chridianfand. N. lat. j8°43'. E. 

 long. 9 29'. 



RISOLUTIONE, Ital. in Mujic, the refolution of a 

 difcord. See Discord, and Preparation. 



RISOLUTO, Ital. refolved folution, as of a clofe 

 canon by putting it in fcore, or by figns. 



RISORIUS Novus, in Anatomy, a name given by San- 

 torini to a mufcle, formed of that part of the quadratus 

 genae which arifes from the cheek. See Quadratus Gent. 



RISPOSTA, or Riposta, Ital. an an/iver, whether 

 in a dialogue or to a regular fugue. For the bringing in 

 the anfwer to a fugue agreeable to the rigid laws edabliihed 

 by the fathers of the fcience, the old eccltliadical compofers, 

 there are many rules to be obferved. See FuGUE. 



RISS, or Ri.ss, in Geography, a river of Germany, 

 which paflea by Biberach, and runs into the Danube, about 

 fix miles above Uhn. 



RISTI, a town of Sweden, in the province of Cajana ; 

 25 miles N.E. of Cajanaborg. 



RISTIGOUCHE RlVJEK, .1 river of Canada, which 

 runs into Chaleur bay, navigable for (hips 20 miles from its 

 mouth. It abounds with falmon and wild toul. On its N. 

 bank, near its mouth, is an Indian village. 



RISTORFF, a town of Aullii:i, near Sehwannaifadt. 



RISVIGLIATO, Ital. in Mufic, when applied to a 

 gay and lively movement fucceeding one that is forrowful, 

 implies vivacity and fpirit. 



R1SUM, in Geography, a tosvn of Ead Friefland ; C> 

 miles W. of Kinden. 



RISUS. See Laughter, and Li NGS. 



Rinus C.aninus is a kind of laughter 111 which the lips are 

 contracted, fo as to (hew all the teeth. 



Rlsus Sar Junius, Sardonian laughter, is a forced, fpitefui 

 laughter; or a laughter that does not go beyond the teeth. 



The phrafe is by fome laid to be found , that in 



Sardinia there is a venomous plant, which occaiions fuch a 

 contraction of the inufcles ot the face in perfons it kills, 

 that they lcem to die laughing in this manner. 



Rr 2 RISZOW. 



