R O A 



K O A 



formed in fuch a manner as to harmonifc as perfectly as pof- 

 fible with the nature, circumftances, fituations, and fcencry 

 of the particular places in which they are to be had recourfe 

 to. See Walk. 



Road, Approach, that variety of this fort of road 

 which is peculiar to relidences, manfions, or houfes of the 

 country kind, and which leads or conduits to their principal 

 or other entrances. In their manner of being Lid out, they 

 fhould in their directions neither be too affectedly graceful, 

 have too much waving in their appearance, be too much befet 

 and intercepted with trees ; or be too vulgarly formed in 

 the rectilineal and direct manner, or be too abrupt in their 

 nature. There is a certain kind of dignity, propriety, and 

 fitnefs requifite in them, which is not eafily ekferibed, but 

 which, in given fituations and circumftances, readily prcfents 

 itfelf to the mind of the defigner ; and in confequence of the 

 whole of the operations, both of conceiving and defigning 

 them, being fo limple, they are, for the moil part, marked 

 out upon the ground with great facility, — ealily improved 

 upon, and, in their execution, the work is merely that of 

 road-making. 



The accompanying circumftances which appertain to 

 roads of this nature have been already pointed out in 

 fpeaking of them in general, and they ought to be well 

 attended to, as much of their beauty and effect arife from 

 them. 



The only proper approach-roads to caftles, Mr. Loudon 

 fays, have been fuppofi d thofe of the avenue kind, but that 

 there feems no reafon in nature for fuch a rule ; and the 

 arguments drawn from antiquity are wholly infufficient to 

 jultify their conftant introduction in fuch cafes. However, 

 wherever they exilt with good effect, they fhould, it is f.iid, 

 be carefully preferved ; and even, in fome fituations, avenue 

 roads to manfions, ftraight private roads through monoto- 

 nous cultivated countries, or public roads palling along 

 cminencies, may be created and formed with great advantage 

 and effect, as is the cafe in many places. Roads of this 

 kind {hould always be fo contrived as to afford the belt effect, 

 and to produce the greateft harmony, which the places are 

 capable of admitting. 



Road, Drive, another defcription of road belongingto 

 relidences of the rural fort, which is chiefly deiigned to (hew 

 and difplay the beauties of the places, or of the iurrou'.iding 

 country, or of both at the fame time. They are principally 

 had recourfe to in refidences of the more extentive and ele- 

 gant kind, being moiUy contrived without any great diffi- 

 culty. The main circumftance to be attended to in this 

 bufmefs, is that of only fliewing one fort of rural character 

 at one time, but to difplay the whole, in fucceffion, as much 

 as poffible. They are commonly formed, as to the road 

 part, without much labour or trouble, being often fimply 

 made by levelling, and the materials upon the lpot ; they 

 may, however, be conllructed in the lame manner as the 

 other roads in fuch fituations. 



The leading, or ftriking characters of the fpot, are here 

 to be particularly regarded. 



RoAD-Gagc, a contrivance for the purpofe of breaking 

 road ftones, or other hard materials, by. A ring, or an oval, 

 t>f iron, of the proper fi/.c for the intended ule, with a Ihort 

 handle fixed to it, will anfwer this intention very well. Thefe 

 gages are of great ufe in breaking ltones by the load, or in 

 other ways, before they are laid upon roads ; and fhould 

 always be known to the workmen previous to their under- 

 taking the bulinefs. See Road Stones. 



RoAU-Narroiv, an implement of the harrow kind, con- 

 trived for the purpofe of forcing in the fides of the ruts. 

 One reprefented in the Effex Agricultural Survey levels the 



ruts and combs very expeditioufly. It was invented by 

 Mr. Pattefon, and colts 5/. See Roads. 



RoAD-Horfe, fuch a one as is employed in the teams on 

 the road, and which in general performs the moft laborious 

 work. Under this defcription comes the greater part of all 

 the horfes in conftant ufe, as it include? carriage horfes of 

 every kind, roadfters, and hacks. Road-horfes of every 

 denomination are, from their conftant hard work, entitled 

 to a proportionable degree of care and attention with the 

 beft horfes in the kingdom ; and fhould undergo the ufeful 

 part of (table management, that fo much contributes to the 

 prefervation of health in horfes of a fuperior defcription. 

 Thofe which have inceffant labour, or which travel poll, 

 muft be fupplied with at lend from one to two pecks of corn 

 a day. Large and ftrong carriage horfes, in perpetual 

 work, require confiderably more, or they will become apt 

 to lofe flefh by frequent perfpiration. Thefe rules, how- 

 ever, offer only a kind of general ftandard. 



RoAD-ATaterials, all fuch fubilances as are employed, or 

 made ufe of, in the making and repairing of roads ; as thofe 

 of ftony matters of different kinds and qualities, various 

 forts of gravel, fand, and a variety of other articles. They 

 fhould, in every cafe, be reduced as much as poffible to the 

 fame fizes, as the regular wear of roads depends very much 

 upon it. See Road. 



RoAO-Pici, an ufeful implement of this kind with three 

 points. It has much refemblance to the common pick-axe, 

 only differing from it in having the flat edge-like end of 

 that tool occupied by three ftrong tines, about fix inches 

 in length, and Handing about fix inches in width from 

 the outfide to the outlide of them. It thus forms a fort 

 of fmall trident, which is borne on the fhank of the im- 

 plement, and Hands about fix or eight inches from the focket 

 and handle. 



It is a very convenient tool in ftriking off the protu- 

 berances, and filling in the ruts of hard roads ; as well as to 

 level aud adjult the furface with, in forming and repairing 

 ftone roads. The fingle end is likewife capable of being 

 employed for letting off water from (hallow ruts, or hollow 

 places, as well as for many other ufes of the common pick. 

 See Pick. 



RciAD-Pkugb, an inltrument of the plough kind, in- 

 vented and made by the late Mr. Brand, an ingenious 

 blackfmitli, in the county of Eflex, at Lawford, near Ma- 

 ningtree. It is formed all of iron, and reprefented in the 

 Agricultural Survey of that diftrict. Its length is that of 

 a common plough, with two fmall wheels, one before and 

 the other behind ; and the coulter part is ftrongly fc- 

 cured. 



Road- Roller, a heaw kind of iron roller, formed in three 

 feparate part?, ufed for rolling down the loole materials on 

 roads. It is drawn by a horfe or horfes in (hafts, iomewhat 

 as in the common roller. See RoADS. 



Road Scraping Machine, a contrivance made for the pur- 

 pofe of cleanfing roads from dirt, occ. Thefe machines are 

 conllructed in feveral different ways, by different makers ; 

 but a very ufeful one ma) be ieen under the head Machine; 

 which fee. See alio Road. 



RoAD-Stones, all kinds of ftones, whether of the field, 

 quarry, or other forts, that are employed in the forming 

 and mending of roads. For fome ufes of this nature, the 

 ftones fhould be confiderably reduced] even in conllructing 

 or repairing ordinary roads. Mr. Marfhall has luggefted, 

 that by dropping road-Hones through circular gages of dif- 

 ferent iizes, it will be found that, for repairing fmall 

 breaches, thofe which pais freely through a ring, 2 J inches 

 in diameter, may be confidered as of a middle iize ; and 



that 



