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tional embankments cm the call fide. The principal ditch 

 is nearly fifty feet wide, and appears to have been originally 

 of great depth. The church' of Raleigh is a handlomc 

 building, in the pointed flyle of architecture, and contain 

 a very ancient tomb, of beautiful " Gothic" workmaufhip, 

 but without any infeription to determine tho name of the 

 perfon it was defigned to commemorate. 



About three miles to the N.W. of Rochford, on the fum- 

 mit of a hill, ftands the remains of a very ancient church, 

 fuppofed to be the fame which Simeon Dunelmenfis Mates 

 to have been founded by Canute and Turkill in memory of 

 the victory obtained by them over king Edmund Ironfide, 

 within the adjoining parifh of Affingdon or Afhingdon. 

 The tower is a low maflive octagon, iupported by ilrong 

 buttrefles ; and in the interior are five thick columns with 

 (lightly ornamented capitals, dividing the nave from a north 

 aide. At Canewdon, to the eaftward of Afhingdon, is an 

 ancient encampment, of an oblong form, which probable 

 conjecture attributes to the Danes. Its area contains about 

 fix acres of ground. The Hitlory and Antiquities of the 

 County of Eflex, by Philip Morant, M.A. 2 vols, folio, 

 1768, London. Beauties of England and Wales, vol. v. 

 by E. W. Brayley and John Britton. 



ROCHLITZ, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Leip- 

 fic, on the Mulda ; containing three churches and a citadel, 

 and a manufacture of cloth, fluffs, and linen ; 20 miles S.E. 

 ofLeiplic. N. lat. 51° 8'. E. long. 1 2° 41'. 



ROCHOIS, La, in Biography, one of the firft fingers 

 in Lulli's famous operas, whole abilities were not very Itu- 

 pendous, if we may judge of them, by the fongs which he 

 had to execute. Good voices and good action fcem to have 

 conflituted the principal merit of this finger. Many of them 

 were brought from remote provinces of the kingdom, before 

 they had any knowledge of mufic, and were taught their 

 parts by Lulli himfelf and his father-in-law, Lambert, 

 merely by the ear. But Lulli not only taught his vocal 

 performers to fing, but to ait ; and fometimes gave indruc- 

 tions even to the dancers. The celebrated La Rochois, we 

 , had no other inalter in iinging than the opera eom- 

 pofer, Lulli. Hilt, de la Muf. par Bonnet, t. iii. p. 207 

 and 2co. 



ROCHSBURG, in Geography, a town of Saxony, in 

 the lordihip of Schonburg; one mile E. of Penig, 



ROCHSTADT, a town of Weftphalia, in the princi- 

 pality of Halbcrftadt ; 10 miles E. of Halberitadt. 



ROCHUKE, a town of Bulgaria, fltuated on the banks 

 f the Danube, at the foot of a hill which continues for 

 i'-eeral miles near the river, and is covered with vim yards. 

 It is a large and populous town, about the fizo of Liver- 

 pool. 



ROCITO, a town of Naples, in Capitanata ; 7 miles S. 

 of Volturara. 



ROCK, in Geology, a large mafs of (lone, forming part 

 of the folid covering or cruft of the globe. In common lan- 

 guage, rocks are the bare projecting (tony mafles that rile 

 1 of the ground or fea ; but the geologift de- 

 nominates every bed of (tone that compofes the compact 

 part of our planet a rock, whether it be elevated to view, 

 or buried deep under the furface. 



The ( . nipolition, ltrudure, and arrangement of rocks 

 <;omprife a mod important part of the natural hidory of the 

 1, which i$,now beginning to engage the attention of 

 philoiopher in various parts of the world. Numerous and 

 extended oblervations have greatly enlarged our knowledge 

 of facts, and expoted the fallacy of many of thofe unfounded 

 Jiflinciions and premature generalizations, which, dignified 



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with the name of fyftems, have retarded the progrefs oi 

 fcience. 



In the earh'eft periods of civilization, when (lone began 

 to be employed for purpofes of architecture or fculpturef it. 

 mull have been immediately perceived that the rocks of dif- 

 ferent diilrias varied greatly from each other ; and often in 

 the fame mountain, the upper and lower rocks were ob- 

 ferved to be of various kinds and qualities. 



In the knowledge of the qualities which enfure durability 

 to the labours of the architect, the ancients appear to have 

 greatly exceeded the moderns; but they did not extend 

 their inquiries refpeding rocks to any other objeds thar- 

 thole of immediate utility. Nor, till about the middle of 

 the laft century, was the ftructure of the external part oi 

 the earth regarded as an objea deferving the invefligatior. 

 of men of fcience, who confined themfelves to forming 

 theories of the earth in their iludies, in preference to an ac 

 tive examination of nature. 



About that time, Lehman, a German mineralogift, ob- 

 served that certain rocks occupy the lowed relative pofitio; 

 in mountainous diftrids, and that thefe rocks contain no re- 

 mains of animals or vegetables ; but in the upper rocks, nu- 

 merous impreffions and petrified relics of animals and vege- 

 tables abound. Hence he inferred, that the firit were con- 

 folidated before the exiltence of organized life ; and on this 

 account, they were called primitive or primary. The latter 

 were called fecondary rocks, becaufe they not only con- 

 tained thefe organic reliquiae, but alfo fragments of the 

 former rocks, and hence were fuppofed to be of later 

 formation. 



This divifion into two clafl'es was continued by geologills 

 until the clofe of the lad century, when M. Werner, the 

 celebrated profefl'or of mineralogy at Freyburg, introduced 

 into hia arrangement another cfafs, called traniition rocks, 

 v. Inch includes thofe rocks that are, in many of their cha- 

 racters, fimilar to primary rocks, but in which fome organic 

 remains occafionally occur: hence he fuppofed they were 

 formed when the earth was paffing from an uninhabitable to 

 a habitable (late. The itratiiied fecondary rocks he deno- 

 minated flcctz rocks, from the German word feetz, fignify- 

 ing flat, becaufe thefe rocks are generally divided into pa- 

 rallel (trata, which are not greatly inclined from an hori- 

 zontal polition. The lower of thefe rocks were called the 

 dldeft flcetz rocks, and the upper the newer flcctz rocks. 

 (See GEOLOGY, where a detailed account is given of the 

 Wernerian arrangement. ) Since that article appeared, more 

 extended oblervations have induced even the warmed fup- 

 | -is of the Wernerian fydem to queition the propriety of 

 <>f us dittindions. 

 " The fyltem of clallifioation introduced by Werner wa 

 d principally from obfervations made in Saxony, and 

 had great merit, as illudrating the geology of that part of 

 Germany; but it has been objeded with much reafon to 

 the general adoption of the terms, that they were framed 10 

 luit a particular theory, before a fufficient number of fad » 

 had been collected to warrant its reception. Subfequcnt 

 discoveries have alio proved, that the different dalles, into 

 which Werner has divided rocks, have not the marked and 

 definite characters necefiary to conllitute a natural fyflcm 

 of arrangement. Even the profefl'or who firit introduced 

 into this country the divifions of traniition and flcctz rocks, 

 as a mod important difcovery of Werner, now dates his 

 opinion, ' that tranfition rocks may alternate ivtth Jlettz rocks, 

 and, therefore, that the tranfition and flatz elaj/fes are not 

 fiparaltd from each other in the manner generally alleged.' 

 This adiuillion is the more remarkable, when wc recoiled 

 the extreme confidence with which the propriety of this 



claflificatioii 



