II o u 



R o u 



place contains 1168, and the canton 13,531 inhabitants, on 

 a territory of 2525 kiliometres, in 19 communes. 



ROUILLE', Peter Jllian, in Biography, a learned 

 Jefui', born at Tours in 1681, was educated in the Jefuits 

 college of that city, and made his profeflion in the fociety 

 in 17 15. He fuccefiivcly taught the languages, philo- 

 foMiy, and mathematics in its feminaries. In 1724 he 

 was called to Paris to affill father Catrou in the compofi- 

 tion of his Roman Hiilory. To this work he only con- 

 tributed tli- diilertations. He alfo revifed and corrected the 

 work of father d'Orleans, on the revolutions of Spain, and 

 had a confiderable fhare in the " Memoires de Trevoux" 

 from December 1733 t0 February 1 73 7. He had pre- 

 vioufly to this, in 1716, delivered " A Dilcourfe on the 

 Excellency and Utility of Mathematics," printed at Caen 

 in 1716. He was author of fome other works, and died, 

 highly refpected and elteemed, in the year 1 740. 



ROUILLY, in Geography, a town of France, in the 

 department of the Vienne ; 15 miles W. of Poitiers. 



ROUL, Roll, or Ro<wl, in the Military Art. Officers 

 of the fame rank, who mount the fame guard, and take their 

 turns in relieving one another, purfuant to fome eftabhfhed 

 roller, as captains with captains, fubalterns with fubalterns, 

 and command according to the feniority of their commif- 

 Gons, are faid to roul or roll. 



ROULADE, Fr. in Millie, a divifion or pafTage in a 

 .fong of many notes to one fyllable. (See Division and 

 Neume. ) A roulade is only an imitation of inllrumental 

 melody, either to grace 3 treble part, render an image more 

 obvious, enforce the exprefiion, or, when it is necefTary, 

 to fufpend the difcourfe and prolong the melody. But it 

 is likevvife necefTary that it (liould be on a long fyllable, 

 that the voice (hould be fpirited, ac\ive, and capable of 

 allowing the throat full liberty to warble and exprefs with 

 facility and neatnefs the notes of the divifion, without 

 fatiguing the organs of the finger, and confequently the 

 ears of the audience. Rondeau. 



The vowels molt proper for thefe flights are a, 0, and e, 

 open. The /' and u are not fonorous, but dillort the 

 mouth: the diphthongs Hill more. ( RoufTeau is here 

 confidcring the vocal properties of the French alphabet.) 

 As to the nafal vowels or fyllables, they (hould never be 

 employed in roulades. The Italian language, in which 

 the a and abound, is more fit for inflexions of voice than 

 the French ; and thefe vowels are not fpared by Italian 

 compofers, but brought into aftion as frequently as pof- 

 fiblc. On the contrary, the French, obliged to compofe 

 almoft all their melodies to fyllables inftead of vowels, 

 on account of their defefts, are conltrained to give the 

 notes a flow and heavy motion, or to admit a clafh of con- 

 fonants in accelerating fyllables ; which ncceflarily renders 

 the melody languid or harfh. And we join with the citizen 

 of Geneva in confefBng, that we trow French vocal niuhc 

 can never furmount thefe inconveniencies. 



" It is a vulgar prejudice to imagine, that divifions arc 

 improper in plaintive and pathetic airs; mi tin- contrary, 

 when th>' heart is moved and affected to an uncommon de- 

 gree, the voice more eafily finds accent- <.l paflion, than 

 the mind can furnifh words, and thence arile interjections 

 in all languages. (See Neume.) It is equally erroneous 

 to imagine that a divifion is always proper, whenever a 

 favourable vowel or fyllable occurs, without conlidering 

 the Gtuation of the finger, and whether the lentiment, 

 which he ought to exprefs, authorizes it. 



" Roulades are of modern invention. It does not appear 

 that the ancients ever admitted them in theii or ever 



gave them more than two notes to a fyllable. And this 

 Vol. XXX. 



conftitutes the difference between the two mufics ; one of 

 which was fubfervient to the language, to which the other 

 gives the law." 



Thefe reflections are admirable, deep, comprehenfive, and 

 convincing ; yet, fince they occurred to the penetrating 

 author, more changes and refinements have happened in 

 lyric poetry and finging, which make it necefTary to extend 

 this article, in order to keep pace with the times. 



Till about the middle of the lad century, many Italian 

 compofer* gave divifions to a, e, and 0, indifcriminately ; 

 all Farinelli's divifions arc confined to the vowel a. ( See 

 a collection of them in Burney's Hill. Muf. vol. iv. ) 

 Even the vowel clofes the lips and teeth more than the 

 Italian a, on which account, we fuppofe, it has been 

 wholly refufed divifions or roulades in its vocal mufic. See 

 Language, Euphony of, where this fubjeft has been fully 

 difcuffed. 



ROULAND l'Eglise, in Geography, a town of 

 France, in the department of the Doubs ; and chief place 

 of a canton, in the diitricT: of Baume ; nine miles N.E of 

 Befancon. The place contains 423, and the canton 9066 

 inhabitants, on a territory of 250 kiliometres, in 33 com- 

 munes. 



ROULERS, a town of France, in the department of 

 the Lys, and chief place of a canton, in the dillrict of 

 Courtnay. The place contains 8063, and the canton 

 13,587 inhabitants, on a territory of 37^ kiliometres, in 

 two communes. 



ROULET, a town of France, in the department of 

 the Charente ; eight miles S.W. of Angouleme. 



ROUM, i. e. the kingdom of the Romans, a name 

 given to Natolia, by Solyman, fultan of the Turks, when 

 he invaded and became mafter of it, in the 1 ith century. 

 It is now chiefly applied to a part of Afiatic Turkey, ex- 

 tending from the Mediterranean to the Black fea, eaftward 

 of Caramania and Natolia, and weftvrard of Armenia and 

 the government of Diarbekir, incl«ding the governments 

 of Sivas, Adana, and Marafch. 



Roum Kala, a fmall town and fort of Perfia, in the 

 pachalic of Orfa, fituated on the weftern bank of the 

 Euphrates, and inhabited by Turks and Arabs. It was 

 formerly called Zeugma, from a Grecian term fignifying a 

 bride, and was the great pafTage for the Roman armies 

 into Macedonia. There were two fmall towns, one on 

 each fide of the river ; the former was called Zeugma, and 

 the latter Apamea. A few miles farther down the river, 

 the caravans travelling from Aleppo to Orfa, pafs the 

 Euphrates on a bridge of boats, at a place called " Bir," 

 which, according to M. D'Anville, reprefents the ancient 

 Bertha, 144 miles from Aleppo and 67 from Orfa, in N. 

 lat. 36° 58'. (See But.) It is fituated on an eminence 

 on the bank of the Euphrates, proteftcd by a citadel and 

 a wall in a dilapidated condition. At this town, the houfes 

 of which are in a ruinous Itate, a tax is levied on all travellers 

 and merchants who crofs the Euphrates, which is here 

 dei , rapid, and about 130 yards broad. 



ROUMIEU, a town of France, in the department of 

 the Gers ; fix miles E. of Condom. 



ROUND, Rotundus, in Geometry. Sec Cnu 1 w, 



Globe, and Sphku . 



R01 \n, in Anatomy. See Rorixnus. 



Round, in Mvfie. A round in catch-books is fome- 

 t imes called a canon in the unijon, and fonutunes, but crro- 

 neoufly, a catch : but it is dillinct from both, being no more 

 than a foi lany Drains or feciions, as parti- ; which, 



inltcad of being begun together, are performed after each 

 4, 1. other, 



