RUB 



RUB 



and opening a two-feet-wide trench clofe along by the tint Jlipulas. The Ihrubby and arborefcent kinds are principally 



row of plants, digging down to the depth of the roots to 



get them clean out to the bottom ; then opening another 



trench clofe to the next row, turning the earth into the iirft ; 



and fo on, trench and trench, till the whole is taken up and 



removed. 



It is found that, in the garden culture, thefe plants fucceed 

 bed in a light rich deep foil ; the roots are foir.etimes uled 

 frefh for dyeing, being prepared by warning and pounding ; 

 but commonly when deligned for keeping, or to be lent to 

 a diltance, are dried in fome covered airy fhed ; then all the 

 mould being rubbed off, and the roots made fufficiently dry, 

 are fold to thofe who manufacture them for ufe, if not per- 

 formed by the cultivator; this conlilts in drying them in a 

 kiln or fome ftove-houfe, &c. then thrafhing them to beat off 

 the outer (kin, in order to feparate it from the inner part of 

 the root, as being of an inferior quality. The roots being 

 then dried in a kiln about twenty-four hours, are removed to 

 a mill or pounding-houfe, where they are pounded in a long 

 hollow oaken block, with flampers kept in motion by the 

 mill; and when thus reduced to powder, fifted, and put in 

 calks, as may be more fully feen under the head Maddtii, in 

 Agriculture. 



But thefe plants are fometimes employed for variety in the 

 borders or other open parts of gardens or pleafure-grounds, 

 when of large extent. 



Rubia, in the Materia Medica, &c. See M ADDER. 

 Rubia, in Geography, a town of Aulfria, in the county 

 of Goritz, on the Vipao ; four miles S.E. of Goritz. 



RUBIACE^E, in Botany, one of Jufiieu's hrgeil and 

 moll important natural orders of plants, which lias grown 

 out of the Linnsean Stellate, and is named from Rubia, a 

 genus belonging to the latter. Linnseus, in lubordinate 

 fedtions of his Stellate, has indicated fome genera, as akin 

 to what more ftriftly appeared to him to conftitute that order. 

 But his ideas wandered between this tribe and the Contort.?, 

 to which laft he referred fome genuine Rubiacee ; as Cinchona 

 and Gardenia. Juflieu, taking a more accurate and com- 

 prehenfive view of the lubject, has greatly extended the 

 order, while he has, at the fame time, better defined it than 

 any preceding botanill. This order is the 57th of his feries, 

 the 2dof his nthclafs. We referthe reader to Dips mi e 

 for the characters of that elafs. Cotyledons two. Flowers 

 monopetalous, luperior. Anthers dittuict ; &c. The 1 

 of Rubiacee is thus defined. 



Calyx of one leafj fuperior, fimple ; its limb divided, 

 or occalionally undivided. Corolla regular, mollly tubular, 

 with a divided limb. Stamens definite, tour or five, feldom 

 more, iuferted into the tube of the corolla, alternate with 

 its fegments, and equal to them in number. Gerrnen in- 

 ferior ; ftyle one, very rarely double; iligma generally 

 double. Fruit in fome cafes of two lobes, or grain , each 

 lobe fingle-feeded, not burlling, but having the appearance 

 of a naked feed ; in others .1 fimple capfular or pulpy fruit, 

 often of two cells, in each of which the feeds are either fo- 

 litary or numerous ; in a few inftances there is but one cell, 

 in fome others many ; the fruit, of whatever defcription, is 

 either crowned with the permanent limb ot ;li- calyx, or 

 marked with a rim, or fear, where the latter had been. The 

 corculum is oblong, (lender, inclofed in a large, homy, lateral 

 albumen. Stem herbaceous, Ihrubby, or arboreous. J. earn 

 in a few inftances whorled, in molt oppofite, their footjlalis 



natives of tropical climates, where they greatly abound. 



Seftion I. Fruit ttuo-lobed, with two feeds. Stamens 

 generally four. Leaves moftly whorled ; Rem almolt uni- 

 formly herbaceous. 



Sherardia, Afperula, Galium, Crucianella, Valantia, Rubia, 

 and Anthofpermum. 



Sett. 2. Fruit two-lobed, with two feeds. Stamens four, 

 rarely Jive or fix. Leaves moftly oppofite, connected by a 

 fringed fheath ; ftem in general herbaceous. 



Houftonia, Knoxia, Spermacoce, Diodia, Galopina, Richardia, 

 and Phyllis. 



Seft. 3. Fruit fimple, with two cells, and many feeds. 

 Stamens four. Leaves oppofite. Stem either herbaceous or 

 Ihrubby. Hedyotis } Oldenhindia of Plumier and Linnaeus, 

 which is not diilindt from Hedyotis, as we have (hewn in its 

 proper place; Carphalea of Juflieu, Lamarck lllultr. t. eg ; 

 Coccocypfelum of Browne and Schreber ; Gomozia ; Manettia 

 of Linnseus, for which Juflieu prefers. Aublet's name h'a- 

 cibea ; Tontanea of Aublet, fuppofed to be Schreber's Bel- 

 lardia ; Petefia of Browne and Linnxus ; Fernelia of Com- 

 merfon, Lamarck Illuftr. t. 67 ; and Catefbea. 



Sedt. 4. Fruit fimple, with two cells, and many feeds. 

 Stamens fve. Leaves oppofite ; Item often (hrubby. 



Randia, which is a Gardenia ; Bellonia ; VireSa ; Ma- 

 crocnemum ; Bertiera of Aublet and Schreber ; Dentella of 

 Forlter ; Mujfenda ; Cinchona; Tocoyena of Aublet, La- 

 marck lllultr. t. 163 ; Pofoqueria of the fame authors, 

 which is Cyrtanthus of Schreber ; Rondeletia ; Genipa of 

 Plumier and Linnseus, which is a Gardenia ; Gardenia ; and 

 Pbrtlandia. 



SecL 5. Fruit fimple, with two cells, and many feeds. 

 Stamens fix, or more. Leaves oppofite ; Item (hrubby or 

 arboreous. 



Coutarea of Aublet, which is Portlandia hexandra of 

 Linnseus; Hillia ; and Duroia. 



Seft. 6. Fruit fimple, with two cells and two feeds. 

 Stamtns four. Leaves oppofite ; Hem for the moil part 

 (hrubby. 



Chomelia of Jacquin ; Pavrtt.i ; Ixora ; Couffarea of 

 Aublet ; MaLinea of the fame, which is Schreber's Citn- 

 ninghamia ; and Antirrhea of Commerfon. 



Sect. 7. Fruit fimple, with two cells and two feeds. 

 Stamens five. Leaves oppofite ; Item ihrubby or arboreous. 

 Chimarrh'u of Jacquin ; Chiococca ; l'iychotria ; Coffea ; 

 Canthium of Lamarck, which is a Gardenia; Ronabea of 

 Aublet, Lamarck lllullr. t. 166; Pedcria; Coprofma } 

 and Aublet's Simira. 



Sect. 8. Fruit fimple, with many cells, eaih containing a 

 folitary feed. Stamens four, five, or more. Leaves oppolite ; 

 Item often (hrubby. 



\telia of Aublet, which is (caret !y different from 

 Pfychutria; l.angeria; Erithalis ; Pfathura of Commerfon, 

 Lamarck lllultr. t. 260; Myonima of Commerfon, ibid, 

 t. 68 j Pyrojlria, ibid. t. 68 j Vangttrria, ibid. t. 159; 

 Matthiola ol Plum, and Linn. ; and Gnettarda. 



Sect. 9. Fruit fimple, with many cells, each containing 

 many feeds. Stamens five, or more. Leave generally oppo- 

 lite ; llem either (hrubby or In 1 



Hamellia ; Patima of Aublet, Lamarck lllultr. t. 159; 

 and Sabicea of Aublet, which is Schreber's Schwenkfeldia. 

 Sect. to. Flowers aggregate upon a com*: .'• ; the 



generally connected at the bale, through the medium of a fruit fometimes, but rarely, confluent. Leave oppolite ; llem 



Simple pair ofJHpulas, or fometimes a fringed kind of fheath, arboreous or (hrubby, rarely herbaceous. 



embracing the ftem or branch. Plants of this order are Mitchtlla ; Ceinephora of Juflieu, Lamarck lllullr. t. I£I ; 



readily known, even without flowers, by their leaves or Patalea of Aublet ; Evca of the lame, alio Tapogomea, both 



compre- 



