R U D 



R U D 



RUCKINGEN, a town of Germany, in the county 

 of Ifenburg, on the Kinzig ; 5 miles N.E. of Hanau. 



RUCTATION, Ructus, in M'dicine, belching, an 

 involuntary difcharge of flatus from the itomach, fometimes 

 accompanied with a portion of the folid or liquid contents 

 of that organ. 



This is ufually one of the fymptoms of indigeition, 

 whether arifing from a morbid condition of the ftomach, or 

 from a temporary overloading of it with too much food, 

 or with food of an acrid, heavy, or indigeltible quality, or 

 fuch as is difpofed to pafs into fermentation. There is a 

 natural tendency in the food, efpecially the vegetable por- 

 tion of it, to the procefs of fermentation, and the confe- 

 quent evolution of air ; but by the influence of the gaftric 

 juice, when it is fufficient to accomplifh the digeftive procefs, 

 this tendency is counteracted, and no air is evolved. 

 Whence the belt remedy for eruftation is the improvement 

 of the digeftive power, and the avoiding of fermentative 

 food. See Indigestion. 



RUD, in Ichthyology. See Cyprinus CaraJJius, and 

 Cyprinus Erytbiophthaltmu. 



Rud, in Rural Economy, a term provincially fignifying 

 a fort of red ochre. 



RUDAW, in Geography, a town of PrufTia, in the pro- 

 vince of Natangen ; 1 2 miles S.W. of Lick Alfo, a town 



of Pruflia, in the province of Samland, formerly fortified 

 with a caftle, now in ruins. Some monuments of Pagan 

 idolatry ftill remain in the vicinity of Rudaw ; and alfo a 

 Hone pillar in a -field near Tranzou, ere&ed in commemo- 

 ration of a vittory obtained by the knights of the Teutonic 

 order in 1370, over Kinftud, great duke of Lithuania ; iz 

 miles N.N. W. of Kbnigfberg. 



RUDBECK, John, in Biography, a learned Swedifh 

 bifhop, was born about the year 1581. After having ob- 

 tained the elementary parts of education, he was entered 3t 

 the univerfity of Upfal, where he made fuch progrefs in the 

 higher branches of learning, that before he had completed 

 his twenty -third year he was appointed profeflor of mathe- 

 matics, which, in 16 10, he exchanged for his profeflorfhip 

 of Hebrew. On the coronation of Guftavus Adolphus, he 

 took his degree in theology, and in 1619 he was nominated 

 to the bifhopric of Vefteras. In confequence of fome ftrong 

 exprefiions which he made ufe of in a public oration, a 

 violent difpute took place between him and profeflor Mef- 

 fenius, which was carried fo far, that the king was obliged 

 to interfere, and to allay the angry paflions of the difputants, 

 his majefty appointed Meffenius afTeffbr in one of the courts 

 of juftice ; and in 161 3 he made Rudbeck one of his own 

 chaplains. It was owing, in a great meafure, to the zeal 

 and exertions of this prelate, that the Swedifh bible, known 

 among the learned as the Bible of Guftavus Adolphus, 

 was publifhed in 1 61 8. He is alfo known and highly 

 efteemed in his own country for the confiderable donations 

 which he made to the gymnafium of Vefteras, and for his 

 aid in the improvement of other ufeful inftitutions ; he died 

 in 1646. He was author of feveral theological works, of 

 which the titles are given in the General Biography. 

 Among thefe was one, entitled " Privilegia quaedam Dofto- 

 rum, Magiftrorum, Pracalaureorum, Studiolorum, et Scho- 

 larum omnium, &c." This work, which excited great 

 attention, had nearly proved the author's ruin, and was, 

 very foon after the publication, prohibited by a decree of 

 tha fenate. Upon this occafion, one of the members of 

 the fenate afferted, that a more dangerous book had fcarcely 

 ever appeared, and that it was neceftary the publifher 

 fliould make oath that he had not retained a fingle 

 copy. It prevented the promotion of the prelate, who 

 '3 



would otherwife probably have been raifed to the rank of 

 archbifhop. 



Rudbeck, Olof, or Olaus, a man of very extenfive 

 learning and accomplifhments, who if not, ftridtly fpeaking, 

 the father of natural fcience in Sweden, mud be reckoned 

 among its earlieft and moil diftinguifhed patrons and cul- 

 tivators, was the fon of John Rudbeck, bifhop of Vefteras ; 

 an honeft and uncourtly bifhop, who fpoke truth, and was 

 never promoted. The fon had a great and vigorous mind, 

 fomewhat over-luxuriant in fpeculation and hypothefis, but 

 fagacious in difcovery, and indefatigable in application. 

 He was born in 1630, and educated at Upfal. Anatomy 

 wa.> his earlieft ftudy, and he profecuted it with fuch fuccefs, 

 that at the age of nineteen or twenty he made the important 

 difcovery of the lymphatic veflels in the liver, and, foon 

 afterwards, of thofe of other parts of the body. His in- 

 augural diflertation, in 1652, treated of the circulation of 

 the blood. Bartholine contended with Rudbeck for the 

 originality of the difcovery of the lymphatic fyftem, and 

 they appear to have made it independent of each other ; 

 though Haller gives the priority, in point of time, to 

 Rudbeck. See Bartholine, Thomas. 



The univerfity of Upfal was, at this time, advancing 

 rapidly towards that celebrity which it has now fo long 

 maintained. Enriched with the patrimonial eftates of the 

 great Guftavus Vafa, its funds have ever been ample, and 

 the good fenfe of its directors has generally led them to a 

 right application of thefe refources. Rudbeck, however, 

 having made Botany a part of his purfuits, contributed, 

 out of his own means, to the advancement of that fcience. 

 He founded a garden, which he afterwards gave to tin 

 univerfity. 'He vifited Holland in 1653, but returning 

 home next year, devoted himfelf to the ftudy, and, we 

 prefume, to the pradtice of medicine, as well as to the in- 

 ftrudtion of his pupils in anatomy. In 1658 he was ap- 

 pointed profeflor of medicine, and was fixed at Upfal for 

 the remainder of his life. It appears that he married be- 

 fore the age of thirty, his fon, the fubjett of our next 

 article, having been born in 1660, but we have no par- 

 ticular account of Rudbeck's domeftic hillory. Beiides 

 the attention which he gave to the above-mentioned pur- 

 fuits, he very early addicted himfelf to the ftudy of lan- 

 guages, hiltory, antiquities, architecture, and mufic, as well 

 as the practical art of drawing. He lo far took the lead 

 in matters of tafte, that the public fellivals and decorations, 

 at the coronation of the young king Charles XL, in 1660, 

 were put entirely under his direction. 



The firft botanical publication of Rudbeck feems to 

 have been his Catalogue of the Upfal Garden, printed in 

 1658, the year after the eftablifhment of that collection. 

 To this little volume a preface in Latin and Swedifh is 

 prefixed, treating of practical horticulture, and recom- 

 mending botany for its agreeablenefs and utility. The 

 lift is, of courfe, not very ample, but contains feveral exotic 

 fpecies and varieties ; and when the author complains of a 

 (harp froft on the 24th of July, we cannot but allow the 

 protection of ftoves and greenhoufes to have been of the 

 molt imperious neceffity, fo that he could fcarcely, in one 

 year, have fufficiently provided them. An Appendix to 

 this catalogue was printed in 1666, the garden having been, 

 by that time, conliderably enriched. The fame year, 1666, 

 not, as Linnaeus has it, 1 664, another fimilar work appeared, 

 Delicix Vall'is Jacobite; a catalogue, alphabetical like the 

 former, of a garden at Jacob's Dahl, near Stockholm, be- 

 longing to count Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie, chancellor 

 of the kingdom of Sweden, as well as of the univerfity of 

 Upfal. This, though anonymous, is attributed by Linnxus 



to 



