RUD 



R U D 



mcniali Plantarum Notitid rite acquirendd. In this he afferts 

 the neceffity of arranging and diltinguifhing the genera of 

 plants by their fructification alone, and prefers fuch leading 

 principles as are derived from the fruit, rather than from 

 the corolla. He rejects habit, colour, fenfible qualities, 

 time of flowering, &c. on which fo much ftrefs has been 

 laid by fuperficial obfervers ; while, on the other hand, he 

 declines being implicitly led by the more abitrufe principles 

 of certain more philofophical botaniils. Some unfortunate 

 errors of the prefis occur in pages 12, 13, &c. the terms 

 gymno- and angio-fpermte being often tranfpofed. Rudbeck 

 extends his remarks to nomenclature, and very much to the 

 purpofe. He had previoufly, at Upfal, in 1686, defended 

 a thefis, de Propagatione Plantarum, which is lefs original, 

 though highly creditable as a fchool exercife. The Upfal 

 garden wis founded immediately on his return, and enriched 

 with feeds obtained from the collections in Holland. 



On the 2 1 it of May 1695, profeffor Rudbeck, junior, 

 fet out from Upfal on a tour to Lapland, accompanied by- 

 two young men, the fons of Count Gyllenborg. After 

 his return he prepared a very ample account of his journey, 

 having made a number of drawings for the purpofe. The 

 firft part, publifhed in 1701, in Latin and Swedifh, is de- 

 dicated to king Charles XII. in a Latin, as well as Swedilh, 

 poem, and ornamented with a magnificent wood cut of the 

 Pedicularis Sceptrum-Caro/inum. But this volume, a thin 

 quarto, goes no further than the province of Upland. The 

 relt of the materials, except a collection of drawings of 

 plants, which ft £11 exift, and perhaps rather belong to the 

 Campi Elyfii, feem to have periflied in the fire of Upfal. 

 Such indeed was the fate of moft of the copies of the work 

 juft mentioned, entitled Laponia illuftrata, which is there- 

 fore an extremely fcarce book. 



In 1720 Rudbeck, in conjunction with Benzelius, after- 

 wards archbifhop of Upfal, founded the Swedifh Academy 

 of Sciences, as it was then called, though fubfequently, 

 when other fimilar eftablifhments arofe at Stockholm, Lund, 

 &c. the original one was entitled the Royal Academy of 

 Upfal. This inftitution ftill flourifhes, and has produced 

 feveral volumes of Tranfactions in Latin. In the firft, 

 printed in 1720, is a catalogue of plants, obferved by Rud- 

 beck in Lapland, with cuts of Lobelia Dortmanna, and 

 Linncea borealis. 



Several curious differtations came forth, from time to 

 time, from this learned man, which evince his deep erudi- 

 tion, though he betrays, like his father, fomewhat of a 

 paradoxical turn. He was particularly (killed in oriental 

 literature, and was hence led to undertake the explanation 

 of fome of the moft obfcure fubjects of natural hiltory in 

 the facred fcriptures. He contends that Borith, mentioned 

 by fome of the prophets, is neither an herb, nor any kind 

 of foap, but a purple dye. He alfo undertook to demon- 

 ftrate that the Duda'im were Rafpberries. (See Dudaim. ) 

 The perufal of thefe erudite fpeculations, inftead of afford- 

 ing inltruction on the fubject difcuffed, rather leads us to 

 the conviction, that a man who has fo many tools at com- 

 mand, can turn and mould any fubject as he pleafes. The 

 two diflertations in queftion appeared in 1733, in quarto. 

 The author had previoufly given to the world three others, 

 the inaugural efl'ays of fome of his pupils. Thefe were on 

 Hedera, in 1707, in 4to. ; on Mandragora, in 1702; and 

 on the Rubus artlicus of Linnasus, in 1716, both in 8vo., 

 with good cuts. His moft elaborate and eccentric per- 

 formance of all, perhaps, is a differtation on the bird Selav, 

 which our tranflation of the bible renders a quail. Some 

 have thought it a locuft, but Rudbeck will have it a flying- 

 fifh ; and as Johnfon malicioufly fays of Milton, he is never 

 15 



at a lofs for a reafon. Abundance of profound remarks 

 are interfperfed in this treatife. Amongft other things, the 

 affinity of the Hebrew, Chinefe, and Gothic languages is 

 difcufled. The younger Rudbeck died in 1740, highly 

 refpefted. He left in manufcript a fort of univerfal lexicon, 

 which has never been printed. Rudbeck, jun.'s Works. 

 Haller Bibl. Bot. Aikin's Gen. Biog. Dryand. Bib!. 

 Banks. S. 



RUDBECKIA, in Botany, was dedicated by Linnseus 

 to the memory of his great countrymen, Olof Rudbeck, 

 father and fon, his predeceffors in the botanical chair ar 

 Upfal. (See Rudbeck.) A genus allied to Helianthus was 

 well chofen for this purpofe, a Sun-flower having been the 

 emblem, or, fome fay, a part of the coat of arms, of the 

 perfons commemorated. — Linn. Gen. 440. Schreb. 574. 

 Willd. Sp. PL v. 3. 2246. Mart. Mill. Did. v. 4. Ait. 

 Hoit. Kew. v. 5. 130. Purfh v. 2. 573. Juif. 189. 

 Lamarck Illuftr. t. 705. Gaertn. t. 172. — Clafs and 

 order, Syngenefia Polygamia-frvftranea. Nat. Ord. Compo- 

 fitee oppofit'ifol'nz, Linn. Corymbij'eree, Juff. 



Gen. Ch. Common Calyx a double row of flat, broadifh, 

 fhort fcales, fix in each row. Cor. compound, radiated. 

 Florets of the conical difk numerous, perfect, tubular- 

 funnel-fhaped, five-cleft in the border ; thofe of the radius 

 about twelve, female, ligulate, very long, lanceolate, flat, 

 pendulous, with two or three terminal teeth. Stam. in the 

 perfect florets five, capillary, very fhort ; anthers united 

 into a cylindrical tube. Pi/l. in the perfect florets, germen 

 fquare ; ltyle thread-fhaped, the length of the partial co- 

 rolla ; itigma deeply divided, revolute : in the female florets, 

 germen minute ; ltyle and (tigma wanting. Perk, none, ex- 

 cept the unchanged calyx. Seeds in the perfect florets only, 

 folitary, oblong, each crowned with a membranous four- 

 toothed bo:der. Recept. chaffy, conical, longer than the 

 common calyx. Scales the length of the feeds, erect, of a 

 concave or channel-like form, deciduous. 



Eff. Ch. Receptacle chaffy, conical. Seed crowned 

 with a four-toothed border. Calyx of a double row of 

 fcales. 



1. R. laciniata. Broad Jagged Rudbeckia. Linn. Sp. 

 PI. 1279. Willd. n. 1. Ait. n. 1. Purfh n. 12. (Aconi- 

 tum helianthemum canadenfe ; Cornut. Canad. 178. t. 179.) 

 — Lower leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate, unequal at the bafe, 

 toothed, fomewhat three-lobed : upper ones undivided or 

 three-cleft, ovate-oblong. Crown of the feeds four-toothed. 

 — Native of North America. On the edges of fwamps and 

 ditches, from Canada to Virginia, flowering from Auguft 

 to October. Purjh. A hardy perennial in our gardens, 

 where it has been known for nearly two centuries, flowering 

 in autumn. The Jlems are from five to eight or ten feet 

 high, erect, branched, furrowed, fmooth. Leaves alter- 

 nate, deep green, minutely rough, like a file, to the touch, 

 pointed, varioufly divided. Flowers large, terminal, on 

 long folitary Jlalhs, erect ; their radius of a full yellow ; 

 difk ovate, brown. 



2. R. coltimnaris. High-crowned R.udbeckia. Purfh n. 11. 

 Curt. Mag. t. 1601. — Stem fimple, ftraight, with a few 

 flowers, on long ftalks, at the top. Leaves pinnatitid, cut, 

 with linear fegments. Calyx fimple, five-leaved- Difk cy- 

 lindrical, elongated. — Found on the banks of the Miffouri, 

 by Mr. Frafer, who has brought it to England. The lin- 

 gular appearance of the receptacle, which is quite cylindrical, 

 flat at the top, diftinguifhes this from all other known fpe- 

 cies. The rays are from five to eight, lax, elliptical, jagged 

 at the end. Leaves narrow, roughifh. 



3. R. digitata. Narrow Jagged Rudbeckia. Mill. Diet. 

 n. 6. Ait. n. 2. Purfh 11. 13. (Chryfanthemum ameri- 



canum 



