It U D 



R U D 



Michaux 



n. 4.* — 



Leaves 



laft. Scales of the calyx clofe-prefled, ovate, half the length 

 of the radius, fmooth, except a flight marginal fringe ; 

 ftrongly ribbed, or furrowed, at the bafe. The younger 

 Linnaeus, as well as Commerfon, thought this a Rudbeckia, 

 nor have we fufficient doubts on the fubjeft to fpoil a flower 

 by difleftion. 



13. R. artflata. Awn-fcaled Rudbeckia. Purfh n. 5. — 

 " Stem hifpid. Branches elongated, corymbofe, fingle- 

 flowered. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, ferrated, hifpid. Diflc 

 of the flower nearly hemifpherical. Scales of the feed-crown 

 awl-fllaped, awned." — Native of South Carolina ; defcribed 

 by Mr. Purfh from the Bankfian herbarium. Thsjloivers 

 are final'- !jw. If there be no error in the above 

 definition, and the feed be really crowned with feparate awl- 

 fhaped fcales, this fpecies does not well anfwer to the cha- 

 racter, or idea, of a Rudbeclia. The analogy of other 

 fpecies would lead us to fuppofe the fcales of the receptacle 

 were meant, had not the words " paleis pappi" been fo 

 precife. 



14. R.fpatulata. Spatulate-leaved Rudbeckia. 

 Boreali-Amer. v. 2. 144. Willd. 11. 6. Purfh 

 " Slender, finely downy. Stems fingle-flowered. 

 obovato-fpatulate, entire. Calyx fpreading, imbricated. 

 R.adiant florets three -toothed." — Gathered by Michaux on 

 the mountains of Carolina ; by Bartram in Florida. It is 

 biennial, flowering in July and Auguft. Pur/b. 



15. R. dif color. Two-coloured Rudbeckia. Purfh n. 4. 

 — " Branches corymbofe, fingle-flowered. Flower-ftalks 

 naked, elongated. Leaves lanceolate, nearly entire, rough 

 with rigid hairs. Calyx-fcales ovate, acute. Petals lanceo- 

 late, entire, of two colours, as long as the calyx."— Ga- 

 thered in Florida, by Bartram. Perennial. Flowers fmall ; 

 their rays yellow above, deep orange or purple underneath. 

 Purfh. We have not examined a fpecimen of either of the 

 two laft, both which Mr. Purfh defcribed from fir Jofeph 

 Banks's herbarium. 



16. R. laevigata. Smooth Rudbeckia. Purfh n. 3. 

 — " Quite fmooth all over. Stem polifhed, panicled. 

 Branches corymbofe. Stalks elongated, fingle-flowered. 

 Leaves ovato-lanceolate, pointed at each end, triply ribbed, 

 polifhed, nearly entire. Scales of the calyx lanceolate, the 

 length of the rays." — Found by Mr. Lyon, in Georgia. 

 Perennial. The leaves have occafionally one or two teeth. 

 Rays pale yellow, fhort. In Mr. Lambert's herbarium. 

 Purjli. 



16. R. amplexifolia. Stem.clafping Rudbeckia. Jacq. 

 Coll. v. 5. 155. Ic. Rar. t. 592. Willd. n. 7. Ait. n. 7. 

 Purfh n. 2. (R. perfoliata ; Cavan. Ic. v. 3. 27. t. 252.) 

 — Leaves elliptic-oblong, heart-fhaped at the bafe, naked, 

 rough-edged ; the lower ones ferrated. Stem fmooth, 

 ftriated. Difk nearly cylindrical. — Native of Lower Loui- 

 fiana, on the banks of the Miffifippi, flowering in July and - 

 Auguft. We had a fpecimen, in 1793, h' om l ' le garden of 

 Mr. Salifbury, who received feeds the preceding year, faid 

 to have been collected by Michaux, in New Orleans. The 

 root is annual. Stem ereft, branched, round, leafy, about 

 two feet high. Leaves of a pale glaucous green, acute, al- 

 ternate, reticulated with veins, very fmooth, except at the 

 edge, which is befet with minute clofe prickles. Flowers 

 folitary, at the fummit of each branch, ereft, with broad, 

 dependent, deep yellow rays, each terminating in two or 

 three blunt teeth ; and an elongated, obtufe, dark green or 

 biackiili dijk. 



17. R. purpurea. Purple Rudbeckia. Linn. Sp. PI. 

 1280. Willd. n. 8. Ait. n. 8. Purfh n. 1. Curt. Mag. 

 t. 2. Chryfanthemum americanum, doronici folio, Sec. ; 

 Pluk. Phyt. t. 21. f. 1. Catefb. Carol, v. 2. t. 59.)— 



10 



Leave9 rough, ovate, tapering at the bafe, undivided, 

 toothed ; the upper ones lanceolate, entire. Rays very 

 long, pendulous, cloven. — On the mountains from Virginia 

 to Florida, flowering from Auguft to October. Purfh. 

 This elegant and hardy perennial plant lias been more than 

 a century in our gardens. It thrives belt in a rich moift 

 foil, and is propagated by parting the roots. The Jtems 

 are three or four feet high, erect, round, ftriated, fmooth, 

 moftly purplifh. Leaves triply ribbed, near a fpan long, 

 rough and harfh to the touch ; the lower ones on long (talks. 

 Flowers terminal, folitary, very large, and of a beautiful, 

 as well as lingular, afpett ; the di/i obtufely conical, brown, 

 befet with the long, prominent, rigid, fpinous fcales of the 

 receptacle; radius of numerous, linear-lanceolate, pink or 

 light crimfon Jlorets, each three inches long, pendulous, 

 acute and cloven at the extremity. Mr. Curtis obferves 

 that the fxds are rarely perfected here, nor do the roots in- 

 creafe very fait. Linnaeus has ftrangely erred, in referring 

 to this fpecies, Miller's yellow-flowered figure, whicli be- 

 longs to R. hirta ; fee n. 8. 



R. angujlifolia, Linn. Sp. PL 1 281. Willd. n. 9, proves 

 the very fame plant with Helianthus angujlifolius of the fame 

 authors. 



R. oppofitifolia, Linn. Sp. PI. 1 280, is, according to 

 Mr. Purfh, the fame as Helianthus Isvis, Linn. Sp. PI. 

 1278, and Silphium folidaginoides, ibid. 1302. Perfoon has 

 eltabliflied it as a new genus, by the name of Heliopfis lavis, 

 and lie is followed by Purfh, p. 563. The leaves do not 

 anfwer to the fpecific name, being rough with briftly 

 warts. 



R. alata, Jaccj. Ic. Rar. t. 593, is Helenium quadridenta- 

 tum, Willd. Sp. PI. v. 3. 2 121. Purfh 560. See He- 

 LENIUM. 



Rudbeckia, in Gardening, contains plants of the herba- 

 ceous, biennial, and perennial kinds, of which the fpecies 

 cultivated are, the broad jagged-leaved rudbeckia ( R. la- 

 ciniata) ; the narrow jagged-leaved rudbeckia (R. digitata) ; 

 the hairy rudbeckia (R. hirta) ; the purple rudbeckia (R. 

 purpurea) ; the narrow fimple-leaved rudbeckia (R. anguf- 

 trfclia'i ; and the three-lobed rudbeckia (R. triloba). 



Method of Culture. — All the forts of thefe plants may be 

 increafed by off-fets, parting the roots and feeds. The off- 

 fets in the perennial forts fhould be taken off, and planted 

 out in the early autumn : when the Items decay, the roots 

 may alfo be divided, and planted out at the fame time, or 

 in the early fpring months. And as thefe plants are often 

 liable to go off foon, fome fhould be frequently raifed to 

 keep up the flock ; and others have a tendency to become 

 biennial, and decay without increafing the root : they fhould 

 have the flower-ftems cut down in the early fummer, to en- 

 courage the growth of the root off-fets, for flipping in the 

 following autumn. 



However, all the forts may be raifed from feed, and the 

 biennial forts muft always be raifed annually in that way ; 

 likewife fuch of the perennial kind as are biennially inclined, 

 fowing the feeds in April, in a border of light earth, raking 

 them in ; and when the plants are two or three inches high, 

 pricking them out in nurfery-rows till autumn, then plant- 

 ing them out where they are to remain. They Ihould have 

 a light dry foil, and rather warm fituation. They all af- 

 ford much ornament and variety in the borders and clumps, 

 among other flowering plants. 



RUDDER, in Navigation, a piece of timber turning on 

 hinges in the ftern of a fhip ; and which oppofing fometimes 

 one fide to the water, and fometimes another, turns or di- 

 rects the veffel this way or that. 



The rudder becomes gradually broader, in proportion to 



its 



