RUN 



R U P 



in many cafes, not unfrequently exchanged ; fo that one 

 tenant pollefled, in the fucceeding year, the land which was 

 held or occupied by his neighbour the preceding one. 



It is remarked, that in many parts of the highlands of 

 Scotland, the land under this dillribution has been tirll 

 ploughed, without leaving any boundaries, except the 

 furrows between the ridges ; then the held was divided, by 

 putting fmall branches of trees into the ground, in order to 

 mark off every tenant's portion before the field was fown. 

 No man knew his own land until the feed was to be put into 

 the ground ; and it became almoll impoflible for him to 

 have the fame portion of land any two (uccellive years. 

 This is a mode of divifion, it is fuppofed, which is analogous 

 to that which Csefar has afierted to have prevailed among 

 the ancient Gauls ; which mult absolutely debar the very 

 lead improvement. 



This inconvenient and improper method of proceeding 

 was greatly follered by the feudal notions of the tim<;s ; in 

 which he that could muiter the greatelt number of retainers, 

 generally constituted to himfelf the greatell cltatc. But in 

 the prelent times nothing can be more abfurd than to fee 

 two or three, or perhaps four men, yoking their horfes to- 

 gether in one plough, and having their ridges alternately in 

 the fame field, with or without a bank of unploughed land 

 between them, by way of boundary. Thefe diminutive 

 poflefiions, it is laid, were carried to fuch a length, that in 

 fome parts of Scotland, towards the northern extremity, 

 the term a hor/e'sfoot, the Sixteenth part of a plough-gate 

 of land, is not yet wholly laid afide. The land is Stated to 

 be like a piece of Striped cloth, with banks full of weeds and 

 ridges of corn in conllant fucceilion, from one end of a 

 field to the other. Under fuch management, all fuch oc- 

 cupiers or pofiefibrs mull have concurred in one opinion with 

 regard to tiie time and manner of ploughing every field, the 

 kind of grain to be fown, the feafon and weather fit for 

 fowing, and whether they and their horfes were to be em- 

 ployed or idle. So late as even thirty or forty years ago, 

 this practice is Hated to have prevailed, not only over the 

 greater part of the county of Perth, but, with very few ex- 

 ceptions, over all other parts of Scotland. Since that 

 period, however, it has been, it is faid, gradually going 

 into difufe ; and that the benefit of laying it afide entirely 

 is fo apparent, that any remains of the runrig fyllem, which 

 may Hill be met with, mult foon give way and dilappear, 

 except, it is fuppofed, where the landlord is as much a Goth 

 as his tenants. 



When the various avocations, which thefe tenants mult 

 have, and the frequent jarring animofities which mull necef- 

 farily arife in aclofe neighbourhood) where oppolitc interells 

 are conltantly interfering, are fully confid. red, it is fuppofed 

 impollible to expect, that under tuch a SySUn. any fpeciee of 

 improvement can be undertaken or carried on. l:i (hort, 

 townfhips and runrig are luppoled fuch obltaclcs to imp) -ve- 

 ment, and bolt the door fo firmly againlt all good cultivation, 

 that it cannot have the leail entrance ; they are conleqnentiy 

 greatly deilruclive of all good management ; and befides, 

 hold the people in the chains of idlcncls and poverty 

 wherever they may be found to prevail. It is only by t lu- 

 proper fcparation, divifion, and inclofure of land into diltil I 

 portions, whether fmall or large, lor each individual tenant, 

 occupier, or proprietor, that it can be cultivated and improved 



in the bell manner, and to the greatell advanta 



RUNSH, in Hu/bamlry, a term provincially applied to 

 the troublefome weed wild multard or charlock. 



RUNS TYCKEN, or Oue, in Commerce, a money of 

 account in Sweden, being the twelfth part of the (killing, 

 and 4K (killings being a rikfdaler. Alio a copper coin, 

 cf 1 ore koppar and half ruullyckcn : the other copper 



coins are fingle and double flants, at I and 2 ore Silver, or 

 3 and 6orekoppar: 96 double flants, 192 fingle Hants, or 

 576 rimllycken, are to pafs for 1 fpecie rikldaler ; but in 

 large payments, no pcrfon is obliged to take more copper 

 coin than the value of half a rikfdaler. Un.Camb. 



RUNT, the name ufed, with the distinction of places, 

 for feveral Species of pigeons. Thefe are the Leghorn, the 

 Spanilh, the Friefland runt, &c. The columba domejlica 

 Pifarum, HiJ'panix, et Frijiee, of Moore. 



The Leghorn runt is a ltately large pigeon, feven inches 

 or better in the legs, cloSc-Scathered, and fall flefhed, ex- 

 tremely broad-breaded, and very Short in the back. He 

 carries his tail, when he walks, Somewhat turned up like a 

 duck's ; his neck is longer than any other pigeon's, and he 

 carries it bending, like a goofe or fwan ; he isgoofe-headed, 

 and his eye lies hollow in his head, with a thin (km round it, 

 like that of the Dutch tumbler ; his beak is very Short Sor 

 fo large a bird, and has a lmall wattle on it, and the upper 

 chap falls a little over. It is a very valuable pigeon, but is 

 tender, and requires care. 



The Spanilh runt is the longell bodied of all the pigeons; 

 it is (hort-legged and loofe-feathered, and does not walk fo 

 upright as the Leghorn runt. Thefe are of a great variety 

 of colours, but are apt to have accidents in fitting, from 

 their fitting too heavy, and often breaking their eggs. 



The Friefland runt is a large pigeon, and has all its fea- 

 thers reverted, or looking as if placed the wrong way. 



The Roman runt is a pigeon of the fame general make 

 with the common kind, but fo large and heavy, that it can 

 hardly fly. 



The Smyrna runt is middle-Sized, and is feather-footed, 

 and that to fuch a degree fometimes, as to look as if there 

 were wings upon the feet ; the feathers of thefe are fome- 

 times four or five inches long, and often pull the eggs and 

 young out of the nefts. 



The common runt is the common blue pigeon, kept for 

 the table, and known to every body. Moore's Columb. 

 p. 42. See Pigeon. 



Runt is alfo a name given to Canary-birds, when three 

 years old. See Canary-Z>;W. 



Runt, in Rural Economy, a name given to a fmall kind 

 of black cattle brought from Wales and Scotland. 



But though this term be molt ufually applied to the fmall 

 cattle of Wales and Scotland, it is not unfrequently em- 

 ployed in defcribing the properties and qualities of the 

 Smaller, and mixed Englifli breeds, elpceially thofe which 

 have a (kill compact, runt-like appearance, and which, in 

 their feeding and their habits, have coi Gderabl refemblance 

 to them. This fort of cattle flock is often very fuitable 

 for grazing farmers, in diltricts whew the paihues are of 

 the inferior kinds, and for feedingout on the artificial graft- 

 paftures, win re a large dock is wanted which will foon be- 

 1 I the butcher. 



RUPAI.A, in Botany, Willd. Sp. PI. v. z. 536. Mart. 

 Mill. Dift. \. ■}■ See R.HOPALAaud Roupaj 



R.UPAS, in ('. yraphy, a town of Hindooltan, in 

 Bahar; it< miles S. of Hajypour. 



RUPEE, ROUPIE, or Roupiai, in Commerce, a money 

 of account, and alfo a coin in various parts of the Eafl In- 

 dies. During the prevalence of the Mogul power in Ilin- 



dooltan, one principal coin,d< nomi I the " Sicca rupee," 

 was ever late weight, 



called the " ' which l 1 d Itandard for other 



weights. -' Mohur," 



whichwas ofth id both were 



intentionally minted without an) alloy. The lame denomina- 

 tions ol rrent in Ii they diff< 1 from 

 each other, and have deviated from their original purity. 



The 



