RUSSIA. 



tinuations of huge ridges, extending for the mod part into 

 the bordering territories ; thefe divilions are the Sieverniya- 

 gori, or northern mountains, extending between the Baltic 

 and the White fea ; the Valday mountains ; the mountains 

 of Taurida i the mountains of Caucafus ; the Ural moun- 

 tains ; the Allay mountains; the Sayane mountains; the 

 Baikal mountains ; ttie Nerchinjkaia mountains ; the Okhot- 

 Jkoy mountains ; and the KamtJIiatJioy mountains ; an ac- 

 count of which occurs in appropriate parts of the Cyclo- 

 pedia. 



Forejls rarely occur in fome parts of the Ruffian empire, 

 but in others they abound even to fuperfluity. Such is the 

 cafe between St. Peterfburg and Mofcow, and between Vla- 

 dimir and Arlamas : alfo in Siberia, about the Ural moun- 

 tains, in the diflrift of the river Tara, on the Ufa as far as 

 the Kama, and between the provinces of Perm and Ufa. 

 The foreit of Aterfkoy is in extent 75 verfts. 



For an account of the fteppes of Ruffia, fee Steppe. 

 The fens forming the boundaries of the Ruffian empire are 

 the Frozen, or Northern ocean, the Eailern or Pacific ocean, 

 the Euxine or Black fea, the Baltic cr Eall fea : and the in- 

 land feas and lakes arc the CaJ'pian, the Baikal, the Ladoga 

 lake, the lake Onega, the lake Peipus, the Ilmen lake, the 

 Bielo-Ozcro, or White lake, the lake TJliany, and the lake 

 Altin-nor, which fee reflectively. 



The chief navigable rivers that flow into the Baltic, are the 

 Duna and the Neva ; thofe that fall into the White fea arc 

 the Dvina, and the Kuloi and Mejin, both of which flow E. 

 of the Dvina into the White fea, not far from each other, in 

 the diflrift of the town of Mefenfk, the former taking its rife 

 in the government of Archangel, and the latter in that of 

 Vologda. The rivers that fall into the Frozen ocean are 

 the Petjhora, called alfo Bolfhaia, which takes its rife in 

 the weftern fide of the Ural mountains, in the government 

 of Vologda, and following a N.W. courfe falls into the 

 northern ocean, in the government of Archangel ; the Oby, 

 the Irtyfh, the Tobol, the Yenijfey, the Tungujkis, the Khatanga, 

 the Lena, the Tana, the Indighirka, and the Kolima, which 

 fee. The rivers that flow into the Eaftern or Pacific ocean 

 are the Anadyr, the Kamljhalla, and the Amoor or Amur, 

 formed of the Argoon and the Shilka. The rivers that 

 flow into the Cafpian are the Temba or Emba, the Ural, 

 formerly the Yaik, the Volga, which takes up the Kamma 

 and the Okka, and the Terek. The rivers that fall into 

 the Euxine are the Kuban or ancient Hypanis, the Don or 

 Tanais, which takes up the Voronetz, the Khoper, the 

 Donetz, and the Maiiitfh, the Dnieper or Boryfthencs, 

 and the Bogue. See each refpcftively. For an account 

 of the canals of Ruffia, fee Canal. 



Population of the Rujfian Empire. — In adverting to the 

 population and populoufncfs of the Ruffian empire, Mr. Tooke, 

 we obferve, properly diilinguifhes between thefe two terms ; 

 meaning by tin.- former the abfolute number of the inha- 

 bitants of a country, and by the latter, the relation which 

 this number bears to the furface of ground on which they 

 dwell. By a revifion made, or at lcalt completed, in the 

 year 1783, the 41 viceroyalties of which Ruffia at that 

 time confided, contained of male inhabitants; 



Merchants ... 107,408 



rhers ... 293,793 



Odnodvortzi and free countrymen*- 773,656 



Exempt from taxes - - 310,830 



Crown boors ... 4,674,603 

 Private boors ... 6,678,239 



By doubling the above total, vre obtain for the whole 

 number of males and females in the above mentioned vice- 

 royalties, an amount of 25,677,000. 



In order to obtain the augmented population fince the 

 year 1783, we have the following ftatement : 



The total for 1783 ... 25,677,000 



The amount of the CofTacks of the Don and! 



r 5- 220,000 



Euxine " " J 



Unnumbered tribes and clafles at the revifion J 



• .1 o f 1,500,000 



in the year 1783 - - 3 



Total for 1783 27,397,000 

 Annual increafe of 250,000 in 12 years - 3,000,000 



New acquilitions fince 1783, or the nine vice-"] 

 loyalties of Taurida, Minfk, Brazlau, I 

 Vofnefenfk, Podolia, Volhynia, Courland, f 5»755>°°° 

 Vilna, and Slonim J 



Grand Total 36,152,000 



Total 12,838,529 



Whence, by the moft moderate eftimate, the whole popu- 

 lation of the Ruffian empire may be ifated for the year 

 1795, in round numbers, at 36,000,000. 



Of this mafs of population, the greatefl part belongs to 

 European Ruffia. The five governments of Perm, Ufa, 

 Kolyvan, Tobolfk, and Irkutik, comprehended under the 

 general name of Siberia, contain, according to the re- 

 vilion-lifts, only 2,215,000, and allowing for the unnum- 

 bered clafles and tribes, perhaps above 3^ millions of in- 

 habitants. Hence it appears, that the population of the 

 European part is about fourteen times greater ; and the 

 Ruffian empire, which, with regard to fupcrficial contents, 

 moflly belongs to Afia, mult in refpeft of population be 

 reckoned as belonging to Europe. The population of the 

 different governments is very various ; the moll populous be- 

 ing that of Mofcow, which contains upwards of 1,139,000 

 perfons, and the leaft populous is that of Taurida, the in- 

 habitants of which are computed at about 15C.000. 



But although the Ruffian empire ranks high in population, 

 with refpeft to populoufnefs its place is very fubordinate. 

 European Ruffia has a population of 405, and Afiatic 

 Ruffia of 1 1 perfons to a fquare mile : and if we com- 

 pare the governments with one another, the refult will be, 

 that of 45 (the five newly acquired not being reckoned), 

 eight contain below 100; nine contain from 100 to 500; 

 feVenteen from 500 to 1000 ; feven from 1 000 to 1500; 

 three from 1 500 to 2COO ; and only one above 2000, in- 

 habitants, on a fquare mile. This laft honourable pre- 

 cedence is held by the government of Mofcow, which (in- 

 cluding the metropolis) numbers 2403 perfons on the fore- 

 faid fuperficies. To the fecond clafs belong the governments 

 of Kaluga, Tula, and Tchernigofs and to the third, Riazan, 

 Kurlk, Kief, Orel, Kharkof, Yarofluf, and Novgorod Sie- 

 verfk. The lixth and poorell clafs comprifes, with the 

 countries of the Coflacks, the north European and Sib 



deferte, where the degree oi population is fo low, that the 



government of Tobolfk has but feven, and that of Irkutik 

 only three perfons in every fqaari In 



thefe countrie x, the un are the 



molt numerou , oil populous diftritt of the K 



empire li the 4yth and 5Sth degrees of N. lat. ; 



and further both to the N. and S., as well as E. beyond 

 the 65th degree of longitude, pu continually 



d'-ei 1 1 ble of birth, deaths, and 1 



1799, extracted by Mr. 



we may deduce the following conclulions. The overpli 



9 births, 



