SCOTLAND. 



eventually reftored quiet ; for which fervice the latter was 

 conftituted lord fteward of Scotland, and from him the 

 royal family of Stewart were defcended. Malcolm now 

 applied himfelf to the reformation of the public morals, 

 and efl;abli(hed the two new bilhoprics of Caithnefs and 

 Moray. In 1079 he took advantage of the civil war in 

 Normandy, between king William and his fon, Robert, to 

 devaftate the county of Northumberland : to revenge this 

 aggreffion, the Enghfh monarch fent an army into Scotland, 

 but Malcolm's cautious policy prevented it from effefting 

 any important exploit, and a treaty was foon afterwards nego- 

 ciated between the two kingdoms. The acceffion of Wil- 

 liam Rufus, however, again proved the fignal for hoftilities, 

 Malcolm advanced into England as far as Chefter-in-the- 

 Street, whence he retreated, as foon as he underftood that 

 the Enghih army was in march to oppofe him. William, in 

 his turn, prepared for the invafion of Scotland botli by land 

 and fea, and had aftually palTed the borders, when the de- 

 ftruAion of his fleet, and the interceffion of Robert, duke 

 of Normandy, and Edgar Atheling, induced him to con- 

 clude a peace with his antagonift. Malcolm promifed the 

 fame homage which he had yielded to the conqueror; and 

 Wilham engaged to furrender to the Scottilh king twelve 

 manors, which Duncan had held in England, and to pay him 

 twelve marks of gold annually : but peace did not continue 

 long ; William fortified Carlifle in the fubfequent year, a 

 meafure which Malcolm pointedly refented : a perfonal 

 interview was propofed in the hope of accommodating mat- 

 ters, but it had an oppofite refult. The Scottilh king, 

 therefore, led his army into Northumberland and befieged 

 Alnwick ; where he was furprifed and flain, as was alfo his 

 elded fon Edward, earl Mowbray, on the 13th of No- 

 vember, 1093. 



Donaldbane, the brother of Malcolm, fucceeded, but 

 he was foon driven from the throne by his nephew, Duncan, 

 who was affilled in recovering his dominions by king Wil- 

 liam Rufus ; Duncan, however, had not enjoyed his dig- 

 nity above fix months, before he was aflaifinated at the in- 

 ftigation of his uncle, who once more ufurped the crown, 

 and reigned about two years, when he was a fecond time 

 dethroned, and Edgar, the fon of Malcolm, fet up in his 

 Head. This prince cultivated peace with king William 

 Rufus, and his fuccelTor Henry I., to whom he gave his 

 filler Matilda in marriage. Edgar died at Edinburgh on 

 the 8lh of January, 1106 — 7, and was fucceeded by his 

 brother Alexander I., who likffwife preferved peace with 

 his fouthern neighbours ; but his reign was difturbed by an 

 alarming rebellion at home, and by the ecclefiaftical pre- 

 tenfions of the archbifhops of York and Canterbury. His 

 promptitude and valour, however, foon quelled the former, 

 and his iteady oppofition to the latter enabled him to main- 

 tain the rights of his country and the independence of his 

 government. Alexander died in April 11 24, and was fuc- 

 ceeded by David, the younger fon of Malcolm and Mar- 

 garet. This prince, having been educated at the court of 

 Henry I., had acquired a knowledge of the Enghfli laws, 

 and gained confiderable experience in the art of govern- 

 ment. Like his predecefTor, he refilled with fuccefs the 

 efforts of the court of Rome to deftroy the independence 

 of the Scottifli church. His attention was afterwards 

 drawn to an infurreftion raifed by Angus, earl of Moray, 

 who was defeated and flain at Stracathrow, one of the 

 paiies of Forfarfhire. During thefe tranfaftions David 

 maintained the ftrifteft amity with England, till the civil 

 diflentions which enfued upon the death of Henry, when 

 he took up arms in fupport of the emprefs Matilda ; but 

 he afterwards concluded a treaty with the ufurper, Stephen. 



This lalled about two years, when David again paffed the 

 borders, and fought the battle of the " Standard" on the 

 22d of Auguft, 1138. In that adion the Scots were 

 overthrown with great flaughter, and the king himfelf, with 

 the remains of his army, found great difficulty in fecuring a 

 retreat to Carlifle. David neverthelefs foon recruited his 

 troops, and fliewed himfelf to be ftill formidable, by re- 

 ducing the caftle of Werk ; but his further progrefs was 

 arrefted by the conclufion of peace. A fter this David ap- 

 plied himfelf chiefly to the laudable taflc of civilizing his 

 yet femi-barbarous fubjefts. He founded feveral towns, and 

 enafted the " Leges Burgorum," which ftill continue in 

 force. He likewife introduced into the kingdom many 

 Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman, and Anglo-Belgic inhabit- 

 ants, a meafure that met with great oppofition, but which 

 neverthelefs was eventually advantageous to Scotland. 

 David died at Carlifle in May 1 153, and wal fucceeded by 

 the grandfon of Malcolm, who had fcarcely fcated himfelf 

 on the throne, before Somerled, a Hebridean chief, invaded 

 the Mainland, and forced him to take the field. After 

 various conflifts, Somerled was repulfed, but not fubdued ; 

 and Malcolm was forced to conclude a peace with him, 

 upon terms degrading to the dignity of the Scottifli 

 monarch. 



About this time, the demife of Stephen placed the crown 

 of England on the head of Henry H., who not only dif- 

 regarded his folemn engagements to cede to Scotland the 

 country lying between the Tyne and the Tweed, but de- 

 manded reftitution of thofe territories which Malcolm held 

 in England. The latter, confcious of his inability to wage 

 war with fo powerful a monarch, complied with this unjulli- 

 fiable demand ; and in return, Henrj- conferred on him the 

 honour of Huntington, for which he did homage in 1157, 

 referving all his dignities. Malcolm on that occafion was 

 inverted with the honour of knighthood ; after which he 

 accompanied Henry to France. Thefe circumftances ex- 

 cited great difcontent among the barons, and Somerled 

 took advantage of the diftrafted ftate of the country to 

 renew his inroads. Malcolm, however, on his return tri- 

 umphed over all his adverfaries ; but did not long enjoy 

 his good fortune, having died at Jedburgh on the 9th of 

 December, 1165. 



WiUiam, the brother of Malcolm, bow afcended the 

 throne, and almoft immediately repaired to the Engliflj court 

 to demand the reftoration of Northumberland. Henry 

 amufed him with fair promifes for twelve months, when 

 William began to perceive the futility of further folicita- 

 tion ; and therefore entered into a league with France, in 

 1168, though it does not appear that war was the im- 

 mediate refult. William, however, watted the borders in 

 1173 ; and in the fubfequent year engaged in a fimilar ex- 

 pedition, during which he was furprifed in his camp at 

 Alnwick, and taken prifon ; an event which coft him the 

 ancient independency of his crown : for, in order to gain 

 his liberty, he ftipulated to do homage to Henry for Scot- 

 land, and all his other pofTeffions ; engaged that all the 

 barons and nobiUty of his kingdom fliould alfo do homage; 

 that the biftiops fliould take an oath of fealty ; that both 

 fliould fwear to adhere to the king of England again ft their 

 native prince, if the latter fliould break his engagements j 

 and that the fortrefles of Edinburgh, Stirling, Berwick, 

 Roxburgh, and Jedburgh, fliould be delivered up to Henry 

 till the performance of all thefe articles. " This fevere 

 and humiliating treaty," fays Hume, " was executed in its 

 full rigour. William, being releafed, brought up all his 

 barons, prelates, and abbots, and they did homage to 

 Henry in the cathedral of York, and acknowledged him 



and 



