SCOTLAND. 



writers calculate the lofs of the Scots in this aftion at 

 30,000 men ; while Edward is faid to have loll only one 

 knisfht, one efquire, and thirteen private foldiers ; an ine- 

 quality, as Hume properly remarks, almoft incredible. 



By this viftory Baliol again obtained the fovereignty, and 

 was formally acknowledged king in a parhament alTembled at 

 Edinburgh. The terms on which he acquired that dignity, 

 however, were too degrading for the Scottifli nation to fub- 

 mit to long ; as he not only fwore fealty to Edward, but 

 aftually ceded to him, in perpetual pofl'eflion, all the fouth- 

 eaflern counties of the kingdom. No fooncr, therefore, 

 were theEnglifh troops withdrawn, than the Scots, a fecond 

 time, effefted the expullion of Baliol. Edward marched 

 again into Scotland, and ihe patriots prudently retired to their 

 hills and faftnelles, whence they ifTiied immediately on his re- 

 treat, and reconquered their country. A third time the 

 Englifh monarch became the invader, and with fimilar fuc- 

 cefs ; for every new attempt to impole the difcarded monarch 

 upon the nation only ferved to inflame the general indigna- 

 tion againil him. 



Tiie Englifii king about this time was led to advance pre- 

 tenfions to the throne of France, wliich foon embrsiled him 

 in a w.ir with that kingdom. This event elated the hopes 

 of the Scots, who gradually reduced all the fortified places 

 held by the Englilh within their territories ; and in order that 

 they might have the countenance of fovereign authority, 

 they invited David and his queen to return to Scotland. 

 The royal pair accordingly landed at Inncrberry, in the 

 Mearns, in June 1342. Indignant at tlie defolation that 

 every where met his eyes, David immediately entered Eng- 

 land, and ravaged the country as far as NcwcalUe, to which 

 he laid fiege ; but after feveral difaftrous aflaults, he was 

 obhged to abandon the enterprize. David again invaded 

 England in 1547, and advanced to the vicinity of Durham, 

 where he was encountered by an Englidi force, raifed by the 

 energetic condnft of queen Philippa. The contell was 

 warmly maintained for fome time on both fides, but the 

 Scots were in the end defeated, and the king himfelf, and 

 many of the nobility, made prifoner<;. Baliol, who com- 

 manded the Englifii army in this aftion, profecuted his vic- 

 tory with great vigour. Before the conchifion of the year 

 he had reduced thecafllcr. of Hermitage and Roxburgh, and 

 extended his conquells over Annandalc, Teviotdale, and 

 Tweedale. In the next year fuccefs continued to attend his 

 march ; but in 1348 he was forced to retreat into England, 

 and a truce was agreed to. On its expiration, in 1355, the 

 Bruces once more took the field, which they were better 

 enabled to do by means of a confiderable alfiftance, both in 

 men and money, fnrniflied to them by the French king. 

 One p.irty, commanded by lord Douglas, completely de- 

 feated the Englifh marchers at Nifbet Moor, and after- 

 wards afi'aultcd and took the town of Berwick, but the ap- 

 proach of Edward prevented the reduction of the caftle. 

 At this period Baliol, tired of attempting to regain a crown, 

 determined to retire into private life, and to refign to the 

 Englifh king all his riglits to the throne, in exchange for a 

 fubfiftcnce adequate to his rank. The bargain was agreed to, 

 and Edward marched into Scotland with a powerful army, to 

 fecure his newly acquired poliefTions. The Scots adopted the 

 wife policy of harairing tlicir enemy by frequent fkirmilhes, 

 in which they were lo fuccefsful, that Edward was loon 

 compelled to a precipitate retreat. During tliele events 

 David remained a prifoner in England, but in May 1357, a 

 truce was concluded, wlicrein he was virtually acknowledged 

 king, and was ranfomed for the fum of 100,000 marks, to 

 be paid by inllalments within ten years. 



David having, by this treaty, regained his liberty, paid 



the two firft inflalmcuts of his ranfom ; but he found it im- 

 prafticable to raife money for the third payment. After 

 various unfuccefsful expedients, therefore, he was obliged 

 to appeal to Edward himfelf, and to conclude a treaty with 

 him in 1363, in which it was Ripulated that the latter fhould 

 fuccced to the throne of Scotland, and that a federal union 

 of that kingdom with England fhould take place, provided 

 David died without ilfue. But the Scottifh nobles having 

 rendered this treaty nugatory and unavailing, another was 

 agreed to in May 1365, by which Scotland became bound 

 to pay to England the fum of 100,000 pounds within the 

 fpace of 25 years. From this period no event occurred 

 worthy of notice in the hiftory of Scotland, till the death 

 of David, which happened in Feb. 22, 1370 — 71 ; when 

 Robert II. fucceedtd to the throne, and was crowned at 

 Scone on the 26th of March 1 371, at the advanced age of 55. 

 Among the firll acis of his government, was the difpatch 

 of ambaffadors to France, by wliom was negociated a treaty, 

 whicli llipulated that neither the king of Scotland nor the 

 king of France fhould be obliged to make war upon Eng- 

 land ; that not even the difpenfation of the pope fhould 're- 

 lieve either party from their engagement to each other ; that, 

 in the event of a competition for the crown of Scotland, 

 the king of France Hiould take care "that no Englifii in- 

 fluence was ufed ; that he fhould acknowledge the king 

 eledled conformably to the laws ; and that no Frenchman 

 fhould ferve againll Scotland, nor any Scotchman againft 

 France. 



Robert and Edward continued to keep up a friendly cor- 

 refpondence, notv/ithlhuiding their refpeclivo borderers were 

 engaged in perpetual hollility, and the former wa.s punftual 

 in dilcharging the inll.ilments of his uncle's ranfom. 



Robert, who had a numerous progeny, and feems to have 

 feared fome difputes might arile relative to the fuccefiion 

 alter his death, convoked a parhament at Scone, in April 

 1373, in Older that their declaration might guard the king- 

 dom from a repetition of its pall misfortunes. This parlia- 

 ment recognized, in the firll iiiflance, the title of John, carl 

 of Carrick, and the Stewart of Scotland, his eldelt fon by 

 Elizabeth More, his firll wife, thereafter iu's other fons by 

 the fame lady, according to their feniority ; his fons by Eii- 

 phemia Rols, liis fecond wife ; and lailly, " the true and 

 lawful heirs of the blood and Itock royal." Buchanan crro- 

 neoully calls Euphemia Rofs the firll wife, and Elizabeth 

 the fecond wife, alleging that the children of the latter were 

 born during an illegitimate connexion in early life ; but 

 fufficient evidence has been adduced from papal archives to 

 fhew that the king married Elizabeth More at a date prior 

 to his marriage with queen Eujihemia, and that flie died 

 long before he afcended the throne. 



In 1377 the border wars began to rage with fignal fury. 

 The lord Percy, now earl ol Northumberland, ravaged the 

 ellatcs of the carl of March, and a party of Scots, com- 

 manded by one Ramfay, furprifed the calUe of Berwick, 

 and declared that they held it for the king of France. It 

 was re-taken, however, by allault, after a fiege of nine days, 

 when all the garrilon, excejit Rainfay, were put to the 

 fword. Tlie Englifii army then marched into Scotland, but 

 their advanced guard having been entirely cut off, they de- 

 fiftcd from their expedition. In 1379, the Scottifh bor- 

 derers again invaded England, and laid wafle the country. 

 The earl of Northumberland, in retaliation, fitted out 

 privateers, and captured fome Scotch fliips ; but the Eng- 

 lifh government refented thele proceedings, and ordered the 

 border earh not to provoke the Scots, but to obfcrve the 

 truce. Thefe commands, however, not being attended to, 

 the carl of Douglas burll into Cumberland with Jcooo 



men. 



