SCOTLAND. 



jjf their adherents is luppoied to be about 19,000, whicli, per- 

 haps, with the children, may amount to 28,000. The Roman 

 Cathohcs divide Scotland into two diftritts only, the Lowland 

 and the Highland, in order chiefly to make a feparation be- 

 tween the two languages, the Englith and the Gaelic. Over 

 each they have a vicar apoflohc, and a bidiop coadjutor. 

 In the low counties they have about thirty officiating 

 priells, and in the Highlands eighteen ; hearers about 27,000 

 in number. The Seccders from the Scotch Prefbyterian 

 ecclefiaftical church divide the country among them thus. 



The Burgher AiTociatc fynod lay it out in ten prefbyteries. 

 They have in all 130 congregations in Scotland, with about 

 66,000 hearers. 



The Anti-Burgher Secedcrs divide it among three fynods, 

 containing eleven prefbyteries. They have 134 congrega- 

 tions, with about 60,000 hearers. The chuich of Relief 

 divides the country into iix prefbyteries, including 76 con- 

 gregations, with about 50,000 hearers. The other pref- 

 byterian Scots, as the Cameronians, &c. may amount to 

 about I4;000. The feparatifts of various perfuafions, as 

 Babli'ts, Bc-reans, GlalTites, may amount to nearly 50,000. 



The Methodilts, of whom there are fuppofed to be about 

 6000 members, or, including children, about 9000 fouls, 

 divide the country into circuits, eleven in all, ferved by 

 eighteen pre.ichers. 



The Friends, or Quakers, are fo few in number, that they 

 have only hve places of meeting, viz. Glafgow, Hawick, 

 Edinburgh, Aberdeen, and Kinniack, near Old Mcldrum ; 

 their whole number dops not exceed 2000. 



Ch'uf Cities andTowm. — The molt important towns in 

 Scotland, both as to extent and population, are Eduiburgh 

 and Glafgow ; the former the metropolis of the kingdom, 

 and the latter the emporium of its manufaftures and com- 

 merce. They both contain nearly the fame number of in- 

 habitants, •uiz. about 100,000 perfons, and are royal burghs, 

 governed each by a lord provoft and town council. The 

 next towns to thefe in importance are Perth, Aberdeen, 

 Dundee, and P.iidey, eacli containing about 30,000 louls. 

 The other town', of note are Berwick, Diuibtir, Haddnig- 

 ton, Mulitlbnr.rh, Aberbrothick, Montrofe, Portfoy, El- 

 gin, Invjrntfs, aid Duigwall, fitua'ed on the eaftcrn fide 

 of the kiigdom ; Ayr, Greenock, Paifley, Invcrary, and 

 Campbelt ^\s.., fitnated on it= wcllern fide ; and Dumfries, 

 Lanark, Stirinig, Dunfermhne, Diinkeld, Falkirk, Luilith- 

 gow, Hamilton, Selkirk, ar.d many others little njlerior to 

 thefe, which are fituated in mland counties. Many of the 

 above towns enjoy tlie advantage of feparate jurifdiiftion, 

 but others arc under the authority of tlie county magillratcs, 

 and of this clafs is Paiiley, the greatell manufafluring town 

 in Scotland next to Glafgow. 



Mdv.ufd3urcs and Commerce. — Previous to the Union, Scot- 

 land could boail little as to the extent either of its manu- 

 fatliiring or co.imiercial profpcrity. It is true, indeed, that 

 tradition, as well as hiilory, point out Perth as a great 

 trading mart fonie centuries ago, but the accounts are mod 

 probably exaggerated. At all events, it is certain that the 

 commerce of the kingdom was at a very low ebb during the 

 leventeonth century, and that it has only rifen into im- 

 portance within the lall fifty years. Formerly the ftaple 

 manufacture of the kingdom was linen ; but that has now 

 given way, comparatively fpeaking, to the weaving of cot- 

 ton goods. Tiic chief feats of the former manufacture are 

 Perth and its vicinity, and the ccuuity of Fife; and of the 

 latter the counties of Lanark and Renfrew, including the 

 towns of Glafgow and Paifley, and others (if inferior note. 

 Woollen cloths are only made for home confumption, and in 

 trifling quantity, excepting carpets, the manufacture of 



which is very confiderable. Several other kinds of manu- 

 fafture are carried on in Scotland, but that of iron is the 

 only one which deferves to be fpecificd in this article. The 

 works of tlie Carron are probably the moll celebrated in 

 Europe for the founding cf cannon, caft-iroH wheels, &c. 



With refpedl to the commerce of Scotland, it may be re- 

 marked, that though on a fmaller fcale, it is much alTimilated 

 to that of England. The chief exports are linen, grain, 

 iron, glafs, lead, foap, cotton goods of every defcription, 

 alfo earthenware, cordage, leather, candles, and innumerable 

 other articles, wliich it is unncccflary to mention. The imports 

 are wines, brandy, and all kinds of colonial produce, likewife 

 butter, linen, filk, wood, oil, and tallow. The principal porta 

 are thofe of port Glafgow and Greenock, on the weft coaft, 

 and Leith, Dundee, Perth, and Aberdeen, on the eaft coaft. 



To the above fources of Scottidi commerce, may be very 

 properly added the fiflieries, which, if placed under appro- 

 priate regulations, would prove a fund of great wealth, not 

 merely to Scotland, hut to the Britilh empire at large. To 

 efleft this objeft feveral enaftments have been made, but 

 their beneficial operation has hitherto been much reftrifted. 

 A bill, however, is now in progrefs, which it h hoped will 

 produce a more favourable refult. 



Roads and Canals. — In the Lowlands of Scotland the 

 great roads are not inferior in formation to thofe of 

 England ; but they are not yet fufficiently numerous, nor 

 are they always planned in the moft judicious manner. 

 Rapid improvements, however, are making in this branch 

 of political economy, fo indifpenfable to commercial pro- 

 fpenty, and the advancement of national civilization. From 

 the mountainous charafter of the Highlands, the conftruc- 

 tion of good roads is perhaps impofrible ; but even in that 

 wild diltntt, efforts are daily making to render communica- 

 tion more cafy. 



The principal canal in Scotland is that which connefts the 

 navigation of the Clyde and Forth. It was begun in 1769, 

 and conltrudled according to a furvey furnifhed by Mr. 

 Smeaton. The depth of this canal is feven feet, and its 

 width at the furface fifty- fix feet. In fome places it is 

 carried through moffy ground, and in others through folid 

 rock, and appears evidently, thraughout its whole extent, to 

 have been planned and executed with great ability. An- 

 other canal has been propoied between Edinburgh and Glaf- 

 gow, and is believed to be in progrefs of execution. There 

 is alfo a canal forming acrofs tlie ilfhmus of Caiitire, to 

 conneft the Frith of Clyde with the Atlantic ocean, to the 

 north of Jura. But the chief work of this delcription now 

 going on, is the grand canal from the Moray Frith, through 

 Loch Nefs and Loch Loehy to the inlet of the lea called 

 Loch Liniihe, on the wellern coall. Parliament has already 

 voted a large fum towards this undertaking, which it is com- 

 puted will retjuirc upwards of 400,000/. to complete it. Sec 

 Canai,, Jiiveriit'fs. 



Literature. — The literature of Scotland, though it can- 

 not boalt of great antiquity, has acquired a dillinguiflied 

 place in the annals of fame, by the rapidity of progrefs and 

 brilliancy of its lullre in later times. The Culdees, indeed, 

 the venerable hermits of Jona, are repiefentcd by ancient 

 hiflorians as having been men of extenfivc learning and great 

 erudition ; but their claims to this eulogy are ])iobably over- 

 rated. The carlielt genuine work relative to Scotland is the 

 Chronicon Piclorum, written by an Irifli clergyman, fuppofed, 

 with confiderable probability, to have been a dignitary of the 

 church of Abernethy, in the commencement of the cli ve;:th 

 century. In the twelfth century the chronicles pubhflud 

 by Inncs, and thofe of Melrofe anil Holyrood, defcrve to be 

 noticed. About the year 1270 flouriflicd Thomas of Er- 



celdon, 



