s c u 



s c u 



the lart objeftion. It has been recommended by Mr. Bower. 

 In this tool, by the teeth being only twelve inches from 

 each other, and their mterfefting. that dillance is reduced 

 to fix inches, where the breadth of the (hares, from beuig 

 full three inches, afford another redueti > ., which brings 

 them fo near together, that the laud is almoll wholly 

 broken and reduced, and the intention of a ploughing as 

 well as a harrowing accomplilTied at once, without cutting 

 the roots <xf the couch-grafs in two, which is a great fupe- 

 riority that it poffefles over the plaugh. And from tlie 

 teeth bendmg forward, and having that kind of pofitio ', 

 the roots are brought to the top more perfectly, which is 

 another fuperiority over the plough. It has alfo much 

 fuperiority in the difpatch of work, four horfcs and a man 

 being able t« finifh fix acres or more of land of a fandy 

 quality in the courfe of a day. And the following are the 

 dimenfions of this tool. The length of the firit bull is four 

 feet and a half; and the length of the fecund bull three 

 feet nine inches. The teeth are two feet in length, and 

 bent near the bottom, in order that they m.ay li;- flat on 

 the earth. The length of the beam is fix feet. A'nd the 

 length of the iron axle-tree, for the fmall wlieeh, is one 

 foot and a half. The length of the iron that ihifts through 

 the beam, and faftens with a fcrew, is two feet. 



Many other light tools of the fame defcription have been 

 lately provided by different implement- makers in different 

 parts of the country, which are well fitted for particular 

 ufes in the cultivation of land, and which, by their con- 

 venience and modes of working, fave much labour and 

 expencc. They are fome of them made with two rows of 

 fhares, five and four in each, about fix inches in breadth ; 

 the front ones cutting the interfpaces of the hinder ones, 

 by which means the work is done in an excellent manner. 

 The depth of working is regulated by fmall wheels that 

 let up and down. They prepare bean and other ffubbles 

 admirably for wheat or any other crops. They are a fort of 

 tool which is faft getting into general ufe by the farmer. 



SCUFFLING in Crops, the pradice of putting them 

 into the foil or ground by meiMs of the tool called the 

 fcuffle. It is a praftice wliich has lately been much had 

 recourfe to in fome heavy, moill, land diftrifts with great 

 utility and advantage, and it may probably be employed in 

 almofl every fort with confiderable bcnciit, as much time 

 and labo«r, in the bufy period of the fpring, may thereby 

 be faved ; as the ploughing being performed in the leifure 

 feafon of the autumn, the feed can readily be put into the 

 ground by the operation of fcuffling in the early fpring 

 months. In all cafes where the ifate of the weather, and 

 the lands that have been ploughed for a bailey fallow, or 

 other purpofe, will not let that grain be put into the 

 grounds early in the fpring, this may be a good method of 

 proceeding, as further ploughing, in fuch circumlUnccs, 

 would be highly dangerous and improper. Such fallow., 

 or other ploughing?, having had tlie full effeft of the frolts, 

 and the influence of the atmofphere during the whole of the 

 winter feafon, cannot but be well fitted for the operation of 

 fcuffling at this period, and by that means being made fit 

 for putting in the feed. The fame will frequently be the 

 cafe with all other lands which have been ploughed before 

 the commencement of the winter feafon ; fuch as thofe of 

 the tare, bean, and pea flubble kinds, as well as thofe turnip- 

 lands which have been cleared and ploughed at an early 

 period, and this method of preparing them for, ajid putting 

 in, the feed, may be had recourie to with great fafety and 

 advantage. There is no danger in this way of dellroying 

 the fine furface pulverization and tilth which is fo ellen- 

 tially neceffary for the reception of the feed, as is often 



done by the ufe of the plough under fuch wet and un- 

 favourable circumllances of tillage lands. See Scarifyino, 

 and Tillage. 



The working of the furface foil in this manner, and the 

 rehnquiihiiig of the ufe of the plough in fome meafure, is a 

 great modern improvement in the tillage lyftem, which it 

 moll fully praCtiled in Suffolk ; but it is fait coming into 

 ule in other diltricfs. In Eflex fonic farmers find it a more 

 effeftual and cheaper method of cleaning fallows than that 

 of truiting wholly to the plough. It ii alfo found uleful in 

 cleaning land for turnips, as well as in lightening the 

 ground in fly-eaten crops of that iort. 



SCULCOATS, in Geography. See HuLL. 



SCULION, in Ichthyology, a name given by Ariftotle, 

 and many others of tiie ancient writers, to the tilh called 

 by later authors catulus, a.id catulus major, and iu England 

 the bouncr. 



SCULK, among Hunters, denotes a company; as, a 

 fculk ot foxes. 



SCULL. See Skull. 



ScvLL- Cap, in Gardening, the common name of a cuiioui 

 garden plant. See Scutellaria. 



SCULPONEiE, among the Romans, a kind of (hoes 

 worn by flaves of both iexes. Thefc flioes were only 

 blocks of wood made hollow, like the 1' Tench, fabots. 



SCULPTURE, Englj/h, is from the 'Lzx.m, Jculptura ; 

 and the verb Jculpo, I carvi or engfave, which is the fame 

 as the Greek Iv.i/fiJ : therefore baffo-relievo was called 

 anaglyphic in that language ; which word was alfo under- 

 Itood for carved leprefentations in general. The Greeks 

 had other words by which they fignified particular works 

 of fculpture ; as Ktxi-.sf, images ; and iinroi, types, or repri- 

 fentations in relief. 



Sculpture IS the art of imitating vifible form by means 

 of fohd fubltances, either modelled, as clay or wax, or carved, 

 as marble. The principles of fculpture and of painting are 

 both the fame ; till painting divides itfelf into a dillindl 

 branch by the imitation of colour ; while fculpture is ex- 

 prefled by form alone. 



Of Hebrew Sculpture. — As the bible is the moft ancient 

 hiltory we poilels, thofe inftances of the arts of defign 

 which arc mentioned in that facred volume ought to be 

 noticed, and particularly of Iculpture. 



The hril mention of images is in Genefis ; where Rachel 

 ftole her father's gods, which are called Teraphim, or 

 images. Mention is made alfo in Genefis of Judah's fignet. 



In Exodus, Mofes receives commands and inftrnctions con- 

 cerning the tabernacle ; that he Ihould caufe it to be made 

 according to the pattern which was fhewed him on the 

 Mount. And in order to this, Bezaleel and Aholiab are 

 intpired with the fpiritof God "to devife cunning works in 

 gold, and in lilver, and in brals, and in cutting of ftones, and 

 in carving of timber to work all manner of workmanfhip." 



The importance of the arts of defign is here particularly 

 demonilrated by the manner in which Bezaleel and Aholiab 

 are called, even in the fervice of religion ; and filled with 

 the divine fpirit for their employment in the Tabernacle 

 and the Ark of the Covenant, as defcribed in the following 

 pailage by Mofes. 



" And Mofes faid unto the children of Ifrael, fee, the Lord 

 hath called by name Bezaleel, the ion of Uri, the fon of 

 Hur, of the tribe of Judaii. And he hath filled him with 

 the fpirit ot God in wifdoir, in underft anding, and in know- 

 ledge, and in all manner ot workmanflup. And to devife 

 curious works in gold, and in filver, and in brafs. And in 

 tiie cutting of itoiies, to fet them, and in carving of wood, 

 to m^ke any manner of cunning work. And he hath put 



