SCULPTURE. 



Therefore one caufe of preferring his work was that, who- 

 foever fhould fee it might hate the hand that produced it. 

 Sthenis made Ceres, Jupiter, and Minerva, which are at 

 Rome, in the temple of Concord ; alfo matrons weeping, 

 and adoring, and facrificing. Simon made a dog and an 

 archer. Scopas worked in all kinds ; athletes, and foldiers, 

 and facrificers. Batton, Euchires, Gl:iucides, Heiiodorus, 

 Hicanus, Lophon, Lyfon, Leon, Menodorus, Myiagrus, 

 Polycrates, Polydorus, Pythocritus, and Protogenes, who 

 were famous in painting. Patrocles, Polis, Pofidonius, who 

 alfo carved excellently in filver ; they were Ephefians. 

 Periclymenus, Philon, Simenus, Timotheus, Theomnellus, 

 Timarchides, Timon, Tifias, Thrafon ; among all thefe the 

 moll known and remarked is Callimachus, always his own 

 calumniator, nor did he fet any limit to his accuracy ; hence 

 he was called Cacizotechnos : he exhibited memorable ex- 

 amples of his exceflive attention. His are the dancing Lace- 

 dsmonian females, an over-laboured work, in which all 

 the grace was taken away by the accuracy ; he alfo, as 

 it is faid, was a painter. One ftatue alone of Zeno, Cato 

 in his expedition to Cyprus, did not fell : not gratified with 

 the brafs, nor with the art ; but becaufe it was the portrait 

 of a philofopher ; this we obferve by the way, although 

 it may turn out an ufelefs example. One ftatue we mull 

 mention and not pafs over, though the author is uncer- 

 tain ; near the Rollrum at Rome, a Hercules, clothed in a 

 tunic of the Elean habit, with a frowning face, as fuffer- 

 ing in the higheft degree from the tunic. On this are three 

 infcriptions, L. LucuUus, imp?rator, from his ipoils ; the 

 other is the fon of LucuUus, a minor, from fenatus conful- 

 tum ; the third is, T. Septimus Sabinus, a curule edile, 

 from his private property reftored to the public. This 

 ftatue was thought worthy of fuch a diftinflion. Pliny, 

 1. xxxiv. c. 19, &c. 



Dibutades, a Sicyonian potter, firft found the art of 

 making likenelles of clay, in Corinth, by the help of his 

 daughter, who being in love with a youth who was going 

 on a journey, fcored lines round the fliadow of his face 

 by a lamplight on a wall, which her father impreding 

 with clay, made a type, or call, and with the reft of his 

 pottery placed to be hardened in the fire. It was pre- 

 served in the Nymphaeum till Mummius overturned Connth, 

 ns it is faid. There are thofe who fay that Rhoccus and 

 Theodorus firft found out modelling in Samos, before the 

 Battiades were driven from Corinth. Demaratus fled from 

 that city, and in Etruria was the father of Tarquin, the firft 

 king of the Romans ; he was accompanied by Euchira and 

 Kugrammus, the modellers ; by thefe modelling was firft 

 broujrht into Italy. Painting them red, or mak.i;ig tiiem 

 of red clay, was firft praftifed by Dibutades ; he is the firft 

 who added maflis to the extremities of tiles which threw 

 off the fliowers, which at firft were called protypcs ; after- 

 wards he made cftypes, or moulds of them ; hence arifing to 

 the top of the temple, they were named models. The like- 

 nefs of man was taken from the face itfelf in plaftcr ; and 

 wax was produced in that form as poured into the plafter. 

 Lyfiftratus, the brother of Lyfippus the Sicyonian, improved 

 this invention ; he firft determined the reprefentation of por- 

 traits ; for before him, they endeavoured to make them as 

 liandfome as pofTible. He did the like in his ftatues. Such 

 improvements were made that no ftatue was produced with- 

 out a model. It appears, therefore, tliat this art was more 

 ancient than cafting in brafs. Damophilus and Gorgafus 

 were very eminent modellers ; they were alfo painters, who 

 exercifcd both arts : in the temple of Ceres at Rome, and in 

 the Circus Maximus, there are verfes infcribcd in Greek, 

 which fignify that tiie work on the right hand was tliat of De- 



VoL. XXXII. 



mophilus, and on the left that of Gorgafus: before tliis all the 

 work in this temple was Tufcan, as M. Varro fays. From 

 this temple, when it was reftored, the furface of the walk 

 being cut away, the pidlures were included in frames ; the 

 ftatues from the roofs alfo were difperfed. Chalcotthenes 

 made unburnt models at Athens, in a place which was called 

 Ceramicus, from his workftiop. M. Varro fays that he 

 knew a man named Pofis, who made at Rome b\inches of 

 grapes and apples, which could not be difceriied from real 

 ones. He alfo extols Arcefilaus, the intimate friend of Lucius 

 LucuUus, whofe cafts often fold for more than the other 

 works of his art ; by iiim was made a Venus Genitrix, in the 

 forum of Casfar ; it was placed before it was finiflied, from 

 the hafte of the dedication. Afterwards by the fame hand, 

 a ftatue of Felicity was to have been fet up, but both defigns 

 were fruftrated by death. A cup was made for Oftavius, a 

 Roman knight, the model of which in plafter coil a talent. 

 Pafiteles is praifed, who fays modelling is the mother of 

 ftatuary, fculpture, and engraving. This art was very 

 much ufed in Italy, and chiefly in Etruria. Turianus, 

 being called from Fregillum by Tarquin the elder, made the 

 ftatue of Jupiter, to be dedicated in the Capitol ; it was a clay 

 model, and, as ufual, coloured red ; his was alfo the model 

 on the top of the temple of a chariot and four horfcs, which 

 has often been fpoken of. In this way he made a Her- 

 cules, which at this day in the city retains the name of itt 

 material. Pliny, 1. xxxv. c. 43, 45. 



The firft of all who were famous for marble fculpture, were 

 Dipocnus and Scyllis, born in the ifland of Crete. When it 

 was under the dominion of the Medes, before Cyrus began to 

 reign in Perfia, that is, about the 50th Olympiad, they betook 

 themfelves to Sicyon, which was a long time the workshop 

 for the metals of all countries. The images of certain 

 gods they publicly placed at Sicyon, but before they had 

 finifhed them, the artifts, complaining of fome injury, fled to 

 Etolia. Forthwith famine and barrenneis invaded Sicyon, 

 and direful aflliftions. A remedy being afl<ed from Apollo 

 Pythias, he immediately anfwered, "Let Dipocnus and Scyllii 

 perfeft the ftatues of tiie gods." Tiiey were intreatcd to 

 do this with great rewards and liberal ofiers. Thefe images 

 were Apollo, Diana, Hercules, and Minerva, which after- 

 wards were touched witli lightning from heaven. 



In their time there was, in the ifjanil of Chios, Malas, a 

 fculptor ; then liis fon Micciadcs ; and then his grandlon An- 

 thcrmus, a Chian, whole fons, Bupalus and Anthermus, 

 were famous in this fcience in tiie age of Hipponax, the 

 poet, who, it is certain, lived in tiie 60th Olympiad. If 

 this family had traced back their progenitors, they would 

 have found art to have originated witli tiie commencement of 

 the Olympiads. Hipponax had a fiiigularly ugly counte- 

 nance ; wherefore his likenels, produced in a vulgar joke, was 

 held up to public ridicule : at which Hipponax, indignant, 

 bore fo hard upon them with the bitternels of his verfcs, ni 

 compelled them to hang themfelves. But this is an error, 

 for they made a great many ftatues afterwards in the 

 iil.iiids. In Delos, where tlie fong was compofed, they 

 could not efcape the cenfure ; but at Chios arc the works 

 of Anthermus, the Ion ; and there is Ihewn at Jafiun a 

 Diana, made by their hands ; and in Ciiios it is faid there 

 is a Diana of their work, whole face is much above the 

 fpeftator's eye, and fo contrived, tiiat to thufe entering the 

 temple Ihe appears fevere, but to thofe going out (lie ap- 

 pears exhilarating. At Rome tiieir llatues arc on the PaU- 

 tinc Hill, on the top of Apollo's temple. In their country 

 of Delos alio are their works, and in the ifland of Lclbos 

 Dijiurnu:'. has certain works at Ambracia, Argos, and 

 Cleonc. All thefe artilU ufed tlic white marble that comes 



L from 



