SCULPTURE. 



•whole circuit i» 41 1 feet, raifed in heiglit 25 cubits, fiir- 

 roui'ded with 36 columns. To the ealt it was fculptiired 

 by Scopas, to the north by Bryaxis, to the ibuth by Ti- 

 motheus, to the weft by Lcochares. But before the work 

 was fiiiifhed, queen Artcmifia, to whofe hufband's memory, 

 and by whofe command, this work was built, herfelf died 

 alfo. They did not, therefore, recede from the work, 

 judging this monument iiecefiary to the glory of their art. 

 Adjoined to them was a fifth artift, who, above the pedi- 

 ment, added a pyramid on 24 fteps, contrafting like a cone 

 toward the fummit. On the top of all is a chariot and four 

 horfes, of marble, which was the work of Pythis. This 

 being added, the height of the whole is 140 feet. The 

 Diana in the palace at Rome is by the hand of Timotheus. 

 In great admiration is a Hercules, by Mcnettratua ; and a 

 Hecate, in the Ephefian temple of Diai.a, behind the build- 

 ing ; in the contemplation of which, the keeper of the 

 building admonifhes you to fpai-e your eyes, luch is the 

 radiance of the marble. Not lefs eftim-ble are the Graces, 

 in the veftibule at Athens, which Socrates made. The 

 painter is another perfon, as fome think. But Myron, who 

 It famous for works of brafs, made a drunken old woman, 

 which is celebrated in Smyrna. PoUio Afinius being a 

 man of ardent courage, wiihed to exhibit it in the 

 monuments he colleded. Among thefe are centaurs 

 carrying nymphs, by Archefitas ; Thefpiades, by Cleo- 

 menes ; Ocean and Jupiter, by Entochus ; Hippiades, by 

 Stephanus ; Hermerotes, by Taurifcus, not the celebrated 

 carver, but one belonging to Tralhanus ; Jupiter Hofpi- 

 talis, by Pamphilus, difciple of Praxiteles ; Zethus and 

 Amphion, and Dirce and the bull, the cords being of the 

 fame ilone : it was brought from Rhodes, the work of Apollo- 

 nius and Taurifcus, with their parent, who contended concern- 

 ing the work. Menecrates was feen here ; but Artemidorus 

 was perfeft nature. In the lame plr.ce Bacchus, by Euty- 

 chides, is much praifed ; Apollo in hit own temple, on the 

 portico of 0£tavia, by Philifcus the Rliodian ; alfo Latona, 

 and Diana, and the nine Mufes, and another Apollo naked. 

 He who holds the lyre, in the fame temple, was made by 

 Timarchus. Within the portico of OAavia, in the temple 

 of Juno, the goddefs herfelf, by Diouyfius and Polycles ; 

 another Venus in the fame place, by Philifcus ; other ftatucs 

 by Praxiteles. Alio Polycles and Dionyfnis, fons of Ti- 

 marcliides, made a Jupiter, which is in the adjoining temple ; 

 Pan and Olympus wreftliiig ; and in the fame place Helio- 

 dorus, whicii is another of the noblett groups in the world ; 

 Venus walhing lierfelf ; Daedalus ftanding, by Polycharmus. 

 The work of Lyfias is held in great reverence, from the 

 honovir which it appears to have had : it is in the palace over 

 the arch. Auguftus Caefar dedicated it to the honour of 

 his father Oftavius, in a little building adorned with co- 

 lumns ; alfo a chariot and four horfes running, and Apollo 

 and Diana of one ilone. In the Servilian gardens are found, 

 very much ])rail'cd, Apollo, by Calamis, the fculptor ; Pyt hcas, 

 by Daflylides ; or, as other copies of Pliuy have it, the \>y&x 

 or pugiles by Dercylis ; Callifthenes, the writer of hiftory, 

 by Amphillratus. Of many the fame is more obfcurc, be- 

 caufe fame in great works is obftruftcd by the number of 

 artificers ; for each cannot occupy the glory which many 

 equally partake ; as in I^aocoon, which is in the emperor 

 Titus's palace, a work to be preferred before all both of 

 painting and ftatuary. It is made from one (lone, both 

 Laocoon and his children, and the wonderful connexion of 

 the fcrpents, by the conjoined counfeU of thofe gresteft 

 artifts, Agefandir, Apollodorus, and Athcnodorus, the 

 Rhodians. In the like manner, in the Palatuie palace of 

 Csfar, abounding with approved ftatucs of Craterus with 



Pythodoruj, Polydc£lcs with Hermolaus, another Pj-tho- 

 dorus with Artcmon ; a Cngle ftatuc, by Aphrodifius 

 Trallianus alone. Diogenes, the Athenian, decorated the 

 Pantheon of Agrippa ; and the Caryatides, on the columns 

 of the temple, are approved among a few of his works, fuch 

 as being placed at the top of the temple, becaufe of the alti- 

 tude of their place, are lefs celebrated. Unhonoured it 

 one, not in the temple, a Hercules, to which the Car- 

 thaginians a great many years offered in facrifice human 

 viflims. It ftands on the ground, before the entrance ot 

 the portico that leads to the llatues of the Nations. There 

 are (landing the ftatucs of the Thefpiades before the temple 

 of Felicity, of which one was loved by a Roman knight, 

 Junius Pifciculus, as Varro relates ; admired alfo by Pafi 

 teles, who wrote five volumes on the noble works in the 

 whole world. He was born on the Itahan Greek (hore. 

 Rich both in the city of Rome and its towns, he made a 

 Jupiter of ivory, in Metellus's temple, which looks toward 

 the fields. It befell him, that in a iTiip, in which were African 

 wild beafts, ftanding at a den and carefully obferring a lion, 

 which he meant to carve, a panther broke loofe from another 

 den, not of flight peril to the diligent artift. He made many 

 works, as it isfaid ; but of thofe which he made, thename$are 

 not reported. Arcefilaus alfo is very much praifed by Varro, 

 who himfelf had a marble lionefs, as he fays, and winged 

 cupids fporting with her ; of whom fome hold her bound, 

 others force her to drink from horns, others kick her with 

 their (hoes : all of one ftone. He made alfo, for Coponius, 

 fourteen nations, which are in Pompey's Circus. I find Ca- 

 nachus (fays Phny) very much prailed among (latuaries for 

 works he made of marble. Nor muft Sauron and Batrachut 

 be forgotten, who made the temple of Oftavia, included iii 

 the portico. They were Lacedimonians. They are faid to 

 have been very rich, and they built this temple at their own 

 expence ; very earncttly hoping to have an infcription, but 

 it was denied them, notwithuanding they took another 

 place and method to obtain it. There are, at this time, in 

 the volutes of the columns, the fignification of their names 

 carved : a frog and a lizard. In Jupiter's temple is to be 

 feen a pifture, containing articles of drefs, and all other 

 things relating to women ; for when the temple of Juno was 

 completed, and they carried in the ftatue, they are reported 

 to have changed the moveables ; and that being guarded by 

 religion, even as the feat partitioned among the gods them- 

 felves : in the temple of Juno is confecratcd that which 

 ought to be Jupiter's. Pliny, 1. xxxvi. c. 4. 

 Such is Pliny's account of ancient fculpture. 

 It is well known, from the tcftimonies of later author* 

 who have written on the fubjtfl, as well as from the names 

 of Greek artifts found on their works, tliat all the nobler 

 produfticns of fculpturc executed at Rome after the time« 

 we are fpcaking of, were the produdlions of Greek artifts. 

 The buftsof the twelve Cifars from Juhus to Domitian 

 inclufive, are the fineft produftions of portrait Iculpturc. 

 The whole imperial ferics, both in bufts and ftatucs, down 

 to the emperors Balbinus and Pupienus, poftcls the highell 

 merit, and fcarccly in that period (hew the decline of art ; 

 but from the time of ijiefe emperors to that when Conllan- 

 tinc fixed his capital at Byzantium, the decline was fo 

 evident, that the life and beauty of formir times were nearly 

 extinguilhed in their produtlions. 



Before we quit ancient Rome, we muft notice in x 

 grneral obfervation feme of the great workn of art <liU 

 remaining in that capital, which could not be properly in- 

 troduced in the foregoing fcries. 



The Trajan column is one of the moft beautiful moiit). 



menu of ancient Rome, and the moft fuperb column in 



L 3! '♦'c 



