SCULPTURE. 



like hair and forehead decide the majrnanimity of the cha- 

 rafter. The broad chell, the Urength and proportion of 

 the Hmbs, the whole folemnity of the perfon, at the (lighteft 

 view, announces, according to the Homeric expreflion, the 

 father of gods and men. 



The next divinity in dignity to Jupiter is Apollo, whom 

 we can readily believe to be the exaft reprcfentation of 

 his father, in the dignity of youth ; his features are his 

 father's in youthful bloom and beauty ; the form of his 

 body and limbs partake of his father's ftrength in youthful 

 lightnels and agility ; his countenance is adorned by his 

 flowing locks, according to his age, more light and varied 

 than his father's ; his fentiment and employment are alfo 

 fuited to his age and more limited offices. Jupiter, feated 

 on his throne, has little aftion or corporeal employ- 

 ment ; his mental energy regulates the univerfe by his nod ; 

 and liis fingle exertion is the difcharge of his irrefiftible 

 thunder. Apollo is feen in love, in meditation of immortal 

 poetry to accompany his lyre, deftroying Python, medi- 

 tating the cure of difeafes, or inflifting death by his arrows. 

 Bacchus refembles his brother Apollo fo exaftly, that 

 they cannot always be diftinguifhed one from the other ; 

 yet he frequently partakes of a more feminine nature, ac- 

 cording to the Orphic defcription of his double fex. 



Mercury, with the fame beauty as his brother, and the 

 fame youthful refemblance to his father, has a more athletic 

 form, approaching to heroic, as being the patron of gym- 

 naftic exercifes, and melTenger of the gods. His hair is (hort ; 

 he wears a fmall round hat or petafus, which is winged ; he 

 ^ has alfo wings to his ankles. 



Mars differs little from Mercury in form or countenance, 

 excepting that he is fometimes bearded, and frequently 

 wears a helmet upon his head, or is drefled in complete 

 armour. 



Neptune refembles his brother Jupiter, but his hair is 

 more difturbed, and he is in general entirely naked. 



Pluto alfo refembles Jupiter and Neptune, but his eyes 

 are more ilaring and fpeftre-like ; his abundant hair falls 

 more over his forehead, and gives a greater gloom to his 

 countenance : he is clothed in a tunic and pallium, holds a 

 fceptre in his left hand, and is attended by the triple-headed 

 dog Cerberus. 



The goddeffes are lefs diftinguifhed from each other than 

 the gods. The height of female beauty, in dignified figure, 

 with noble mien, is common to them all. 



Juni) is reprefented with a regal diadem and fceptre, ge- 

 nerally clothed in the tunic and peplus, or large veil : her 

 countenance is lofty ; her eyes and lips are full ; her hair is 

 turned up, and tied in a knot behind in fimple majefty ; her 

 veil is fometimes over her head. 



Minerva is diftinguilhed by the ferene aufterity of her 

 countenance, and ihe wifdom of her charafter. She is 

 armed with a helmet and aegis, and bears a fpear in her hand, 

 but in other rcfpefts is drefFcd like Juno. 



Venus is dillinguiftied by her tender foftnefs and graceful 

 aftion ; fhe is reprefented as parting her hair and rifing from 

 the fea, modeftly covering her perfon as returning from the 

 bath ; or dreiled in a light and thin tunic or veil, and en- 

 gaged in thofe concerns of the toilette to heighten or pre- 

 ferve beauty. She is frequently attended by Love, who is 

 reprefented as an infant divinity. 



Vefta and Ceres have much the appearance of Juno ; the 

 firft diftinguifhed by her lions and myftic drum ; the other 

 by ears of corn. 



Diana has her hair coUefted on the top of her head ; like 

 Jier brother Apollo her tunic is fuccinA, not reaching lower 



than her knees, its length being fhortened by the tying of 

 her zone ; (he wears bufliins, and is generally running, or in 

 an attitude which relates to the ciiace. 



Hercules, the- firtt of their heroes, and who in early times 

 was one of their greateit gods, was not reprefented with 

 that irrefiftible ftrength and mufcular force in the time of 

 tlie firft Greek fculptors, in which he was reprefented after- 

 wards, and he changed his arms as well as his figure, for be- 

 fore the time of ^fchylus his arms were a bow and (heaf 

 of arrows ; but as his labours became fuch as required more 

 natural force, according to later mythologifts his bodily 

 powers were increafed, and his arms changed from the bow 

 to the club. His ilrength is proverbial, and his powerful 

 for^n known to every one, by his numerous reprefentations in 

 fculpture and painting. It is well remarked by Winckel- 

 man, that in the likenefs found in the antique ftatues be- 

 tween the faces of Hercules and Jupiter, there is a charafter 

 of the bull given to the head of Hercules, by the (hort hair 

 and the bull forehead. As a proof that this mixture of the 

 bull in the head of Hercules is not fanciful, there are buftt 

 reprefenting a mythological modification of the Herculean 

 charafter, with the bull's ears, horns, and dewlap. ^ 



We fhall defcribe the fawns as one clafs, companions and 

 minifters of Bacchus ; in this clafs we fhall mention the 

 Sileni, the fofler-fathers or nurfes of Bacchus, one of which 

 is a dwarfilh figure, with a round belly, fat limbs, a So. 

 cratic merry face, a bald head, a long beard, undulated and 

 divided ; his body is more or lefs covered with hair. This 

 Silenus is alfo occafionally called Ampelus. The other Sile- 

 nus is a well-proportioned elderly man, rather a fpare figure, 

 with a philofophical countenance, with a head and beard 

 bearing fome diftant refemblance to Jupiter. Both thefe 

 Sileni are crowned with ivy, and have pricked ears. 



The fawns have round faces, fhort nofes, and a grinning 

 exprefTion ; their hair is fhort, ftiff, and like that of a goat. 

 Their bodies are ftrong, their mufcles tendinous, like thofe 

 of wild animals, and fuited to the elallicity of their aAions ; 

 they have (hort goats' tails. 



The fatyrs have goats' legs, their bodily conformation like 

 the fawns, they have pricked cars, fometimes long goatifh 

 beards, and frequently faces refembling rams or goats. 



The Titans and giants are Herculean figures to the waift : 

 fome of them have the lower limbs human, and correfpond- 

 ing to the upper part of their figures j others from the mid- 

 dle end in ferpentine folds inftead of human legs. Their 

 heads have an H«-rculian charadter, fuUen and terrific ; there 

 are i'erpents in their hands, perhaps relating to their infernal 

 punifhments. 



Ocean and the divinities of feas are all Herculean figures, 

 in countenancL refembling the Saturnian family in youth or 

 age ; they are generally naked, though fome are veiled 

 downwards ; and Ocean himfelf has a veiled head. The in- 

 ferior divinities of the fea, as tlie family of the Tritons, and 

 their various diftindions, have hair, faces, bodies, and arms 

 like the fawns, but with finny hair and gills, tlieir lower 

 halves ending in the tails of fiihes, horfes, bulls, &:c. 



The geniufes of mountains are robult figures, with folemn 

 countenances, flowing hair and beards, crowned with pine, 

 oak, &c. 



The nymphs of Earth and Ocean arc beautiful entire female 

 forms, with hair fometimes flawing, fometimes tied in play- 

 ful attitudes. The marine nymphs are frequently coUetted 

 in affeftionate groups, and employed in ftretching out their 

 flying veils to the wind. 



The Three Graces are the beautiful female companions 

 and attendants of Venus ; they are reprefented as three 



beautiful 



