SCULPTURE. 



the trunk, and innmediately above the fetting on of the 

 thigh, and is marked with a ftrofig line obhquely defcending 

 to a point at the grcateft projeftion of the os ihum in front, 

 and forming from thence a nearly Inverted femicircle to the 

 top of the OS pubis. 



The thighs are fulleft and roundeft immediately at their 

 feparation about half way downwards : they gradually di- 

 minifh toward the knee. 



In the upright figure the knee-pan above, with the (kin 

 and fat immediately below it, form wliat is altogether gene- 

 rally called the knee-pan, of an oval figure, and is the great 

 diftinftion of the knee in front, between the thigh and 

 the leg. The inner line of the principal bone of the leg, 

 or tibia, is a little curved outwards in a hollow of about 

 ^o degrees. The inner ankle is higher than the outward. 

 The calf of the leg is molt projcfting, near one-third of 

 the way from the joint to the bottom of the heel, and 

 behind in a flattifli forked divifion, fends a ilrong mufcle 

 united with the tendon of the heel, making together the 

 backward profile of the leg. The outfide of the leg has 

 its principal curvature rather lower than the infide. The toes 

 are (horter than the fingers ; the longell toe is next to the 

 great toe; the great toe is the broadeil ; and in thole not 

 ufed to wear ihoes, divided from the fecond toe by a con- 

 fiderable feparation. T!ie three toes on the outfide of the 

 foot are fhortened in a diagonal line. The charafterillic-: of 

 the male and female in this extremity are nearly the fame as 

 in the hand. 



In llronger figures the joints arc marked with more 

 Itrength and complication, the mufcles are more decided, 

 more of the tendons are feen, and occafionally the veins, 

 particularly towards the lower parts of the extremities. 

 The flefhy projeftiiig parts of the figure in old age are 

 more flattened, which indicates the diminution of elafticity 

 as well as mufcular ftrength. 



The female figure is generally about one-tenth (horter 

 than the male; its bones are more (traight, and lefs rugged 

 towards the joints, as the attachment of its mufcles are 

 (lighter; the forms of the body and the limbs are more 

 rounded : the differences of the male and female bofoms are 

 well known. The (boulders of the female are narrower in 

 proportion than thofe of the male ; the loins are narrower 

 and the hips are broader. 



In infancy, although the proportions are very different 

 from the adult male or female, vet the ronnJneis of the 

 limbs and body, little diltinguilhed by the m.u'king of bone 

 at the joints or projeciing mulcle between the jomts, ap- 

 proaches nearer to the fmooth and generally rounded furface 

 of the female figure. 



Vitruvius informs us, from the writings of the molt emi- 

 nent Greek painters and fculptors, that they made their 

 figures eight heads or ten faces high, and he initances dif- 

 ferent parts of the figure meafured according to that rule. 

 The great M. Angelo adopted this rule, as we fee by a 

 print from a drawing of his. We fliall adopt this method 

 in giving the moll general proportions of nature and the 

 Greek ftatues. 



Proportions. — Divifions of the human figure in length. 

 From the os pubis to the top of the head, one-half of the 

 figure ; from the fame point to the fole of the foot, the 

 other half. 



There are three equal divifions from the acromion of the 

 fcapula to the bottom of the inner ankle, ill. From the 

 acromion to the point in the fpine of the ilium, from which 

 the reftus and fartorius mufcles begin. 2dly. From thence 

 to the top of the patella. 3dly. From the top of the 

 patella to the bottom of the inner ankle. 



From the bottom of the os pubis to the bottom of the 

 patella, is the fame length as from the bottom of the 

 patella to the folc of the foot, two heads each ; but we 

 mull obferve, that the ancients generally allowed half a 

 nofe more to the length of the lower limbs, exceeding the 

 length of the body and head. 



The arm, from the top of the humerus to the bend, one 

 head and a half; and from the bend of the arm to the firft 

 knuckles, the fame. 



Breadth of the upper arm, one nofe and a half ; fide 

 view, two nofes ; lower arm, tliickeft part, one nofe and a 

 half; wriit, one nofe. 



Breadth of the (lioulders, two heads ; of the loins, one 

 head and one nofe ; acrofs the hips or trochanteres, one head 

 and two nofes. Depth of the cheil, one head and one-third 

 of a nofe ; of the loins, three nofes and one-third ; of the 

 ghitaei, one head. Breadth of the thigh, three nofes; of 

 the calf of the leg, two nofes ; of the ankle, one nofe. The 

 foot is one head and one nofe in length. 



The female figure (hould not be fo tall as the male. 

 Tlie (houlders and loins (lioidd be narrower, and the hips 

 broader. 



The proportion of the Hercules Farnefe and the Torfo 

 Belvidere are nearly one-fifth more in breadth than other 

 ftatues. 



But the ancients varied the proportion according to the 

 charafter and age of the perfon. There are examples of 

 the Silenus, and Hercules alio, when he partook of the fame 

 charafter, excecdinglv dwarfitli, not exceeding four or five 

 heads in height ; and there are examples on fome of the 

 Greek vafes of figures nine or ten heads. 



Drapery. — To introduce our obfervationson the draperies 

 of the antique llatues, we will firlt enumerate a few of thofe 

 garments in which they are molt generally clothed ; and 

 we will begin with tlie largelt and coarfeit woollen garment, 

 called the pallium, which was a large piece of fquare, or 

 fquarilh cloth, perhaps about feven feet long, but not fo 

 wide ; this was generally worn by being folded over, per- 

 haps one-third ot the breadth : one end applied to the left 

 fide of the body, carried under the right arm, and thrown 

 over the left (houlder in front ; it formed broad and fimple 

 malTes before and behind, with a few bold and diftincl folds, 

 which left the body and limb: well accounted for be- 

 neath. It was, according to the convenience of the wearer, 

 thrown in a variety of different manners : fometnres cue 

 arm was wrapped in it, fometimes the other, and fometimes 

 nearly both ; all the llatues of philoiopliers, excepting the , 

 Cynics, are clothed in this manner. 



There were other garments nearly of this kind, which are 

 very commonly leen ; particularly the manly peplus. The 

 figures of Jupiter and Efculapius are fometimes leen wrapped 

 in the peplus, which appears to have no other diltinftion from 

 the pallium, than that it is made of a finer texture, confe- 

 quently produces fewer and more numerous folds, and its 

 corners are fometimes ornamented with taflels, or knots. 



The clila:na feems to have been a finer and lighter wool- 

 len garment than the peplus, much lefs, but, like that, of a 

 long fquare ; this garment is particularly appropriate to 

 youthful heroes, and is feen on the colollal llatues of Monte 

 Cavallo, the Mcleager, and many youthful heroic figurc> 

 on Greek vafes, and the yoiing heroes in the frieze o! 

 Horfemen in the Parthenon at Athens. 



The tunic, or kiton, was an under garment, alfo worn by 

 men in early times ; thij had no fleeves, and hung ovt-r the 

 left (houlder, leaving tiie right (houlder entirely bare, not to 

 impede adlion ; in after times it had Ihort fleeves, was full in 

 the body, and when not girded, hung down below the mid- 

 leg ; 



