s c u 



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Wax-rnodelling is performed, like the fame art in clay, by 

 pointed inftrumeats of wood and ivory. 



Sculpture in bronze and filver is praftifed in the fame 

 manner by the model as Pliny defcribes it to have been done 

 by the ancients, and is of three kinds. The fubjeft is either 

 call from a model, or carved from the folid metal, or chafed 

 from a model upon a flat piece of metal, which is beat hollow 

 on the one fide, to produce the relief, out of which the chafer 

 works the intended figure or figures on the other fide. The 

 inftruments ufed in chafing are, for fmall works, a fmall 

 liammer with a long elallic handle, which gives the blow 

 a quick and artificial force ; alfo chifi'els and points, fome- 

 •what like thofe ufed in the fculpture of marble on a fmaller 

 fcale. 



The tools for carving in wood are To univcrfally known to 

 carpenters, upholfterers, and the diffe.-ent orders of wood 

 carvers, that the defcription of them would be ufelefs. 



For further illuftration of this article, the reader is re- 

 ferred to the engravings which are dilUnguifhcd by the word 

 Sculpture. Thefe confift of felcft fpccimens of the fculpture 

 of different ages and nations ; particularly the finell ex- 

 amples of Greek and Roman fculpture. 



SCULTENA, or ScUTENA, the Panaro, in Ancient 

 Geography, a river which commenced on the iouth of the 

 Apennine, and purfuing a northerly courfe, difcharged itfelf 

 into the Padus or Po. 



SCULTETUS, or Scuultz, Joh.v, in Biography, a 

 dillinguilhed furgeon, was born in the year 159J at Ulm, 

 where his father was a water-man. The latter was enabled 

 to afford his fon a good education, and fent him to Padua, 

 where he ftudied medicine under Spigeliu.-, and took the 

 degree of dodor in philofophy, furgery, and phyfic, in the 

 year 1621. On his return to his native city, he was ad- 

 mitted into the college of phyficians in March 1625 ; and 

 for twenty years he pradlifed his profcfTion with great re- 

 putation. Being fent for to Stutgard, to adminifter pro- 

 feilionally to a fick gentleman of that city, Scultetus was 

 there attacked with a fit of apoplexy, which terminated his 

 life on the firll of December 1645. ^^ appears to have 

 praftifed furgery extenfively, and to have been very bold in 

 his operations, efpecially in thofe of bronchotomy, of the 

 trephine, and for empyema. His principalwork is entitled 

 ♦' Armamentarium Chirurgicum, 43 Tabulis sere incifis 

 Ornatum ;" and was publifhed after his death, at Ulm, in 

 1653. It fubfequently palled through many editions, and 

 was tranflated mto mofl of the European languages. Elpy 

 ' Did'. Hid. de la Medecine. 



SCUM, or Si'UME, Spuma, a light excrement arifing 

 from liquors, when briflily ilirred ; called alfo foam or 

 froth. 



Scum is alfo ufed for the impurities which a liquor, by 

 boiling, catts up to the furface ; and alfo for thofe taken 

 from off metals, when in fufion ; thefe are alfo called fcoria. 

 Scum of Lead, is a kind of recrement, of various colours, 

 procured from melted lead. 

 Scum of Nitre. See Nitre. 

 Scum of Salt. See Salt. 



Scum of Silver, is what we commonly call htharge of 

 filver. 



Scum of Sugar, in Agriculture, a fubftance foraetiraes 

 ufed as a manure. See Sugar Scum. 

 Scum, Sugar of the. See Sugak. 



SCUMA, a word ufed by fome of the chemiits for 

 fquama, the fcale.-. of any metal, and particularly applied to 

 the flakes flyine off from hot iron under the hammer. 



SCUOE, Skuoe, or Slwoe, in Geography, one of the 

 Faroer or Feroe iflands ; 5 miles S. of Saiidoe. See 

 Feroe. 



SCUPl, in Ancient Geography, a town of Upper Moefia, 

 in Dardania, according to Ptolemy. 



SCUPPERS, in a Ship, are certain channels cut through 

 the water-ways and fides of a fliip, at proper diUances, and 

 lined with plated lead, in order to carry the water off from 

 the deck into the fea. The fcuppers of the lower deck of 

 a fhip of war are ufually furnifhed with a leathern pipe, 

 called the fcupper-hofe, which hangs downward from the 

 mouth or opening of the fcupper. The intent of this is to 

 prevent the water from entering, when the fhip inchnes 

 under a weight of fail. Falconer. 

 Scupper Nails. See Nails. 



SCUR, in Agriculture, a precipice faced with rock. 

 SCURCOLLA, in Geography, a town of Naples, in 

 Abruzzo Ultra ; 18 miles S. of Aquiia. 



SCURELLUR, in Ancient Geography, a town of 

 India, on this fide of the Ganges, between the Pfeudollome 

 and the river Barif. Ptolemy. 



SCURF, in Medicine, Furfur, fmall branny or powdery 

 exfoliations of the cuticle, which occur after flight inflam- 

 mations of the fkin, a new cuticle being formed underneath 

 during the exfoliation. .. 



Scurf may be formed upon any part of the furface of the 

 body ; for wherever the (kin is inflamed, the cuticle never 

 faiU to be feparated and fall off. This exfoliation, when 

 the inflammation is confidcrable, as in fcarlatina, take 

 place in the form of large maffes, or of fmaller fcales ; but in 

 the minor degrees ot inflammation, fuch as of the tormatiou 

 of pimples, or in flight erytliematous affections, a mere fcurfi- 

 nefs enfues. In fome cafes of Icurf, indeed, as in the dan- 

 driff of infants, and in other forms of pityriafis, little or no 

 inflammation is perceptible; but in other cafes, as in the 

 fcurfy porrigo, affecting the heads of adults, the inflamma- 

 tion is often confiderable, and accompanied by fevere itching. 

 The fcurf itfelf, indeed, if it be permitted to accumulate, 

 becomes the fource of excitement to the inflammation, as 

 well as to the itching fenfations. 



The firft Hep in the treatment of fcurfy a£Feftions is, 

 therefore, the careful removal of the fcurf, as it is formed : 

 but this muft be effected by gentle mc^ns, and by wafhes 

 which do not augment the inflammatory aftion, where that 

 is confiderable. Hence ablution with fimple water, or 

 fome flight farinaceous decoclion, as of bran, is to be pre- 

 ferred to foaps and other irritants. This clearance of the 

 furface having been effefted, fome gently reftringent lotion, 

 fuch as lime-water, with or without a little of the liquor 

 ammonise acetatis, or a weak iolution of the falts of zinc, 

 may be employed with advantage ; or if the irritability of 

 the parts be confiderable, th6 faturnine fubltances may be 

 preferable. See Pityriasis. 



SCURFF, in Ichthyology, an Englifh name for a fpecies 

 of falmon, called alfo in fome places the bull-trout. It never 

 grows to any great fize, and differs plainly from the falmon 

 of the common kind in this, that its tail is even, and not 

 forked ; its head is fhort and thick, and its flefh is lefs red 

 than that of moll of the falmon kind. See Trutta under 

 the article Salmo. 



SCURGULO, in Geography, a town of Naples, in 

 Capitanata ; 7 miles S.S.W. of Dragonera. 



SCURGUM, in Ancient Geography, a town fituated in 

 the molt northerly climate of Germany. Ptolemy. 



SCURRA, in Ornithology, a name by which the ancients 

 have called the monedula, or common jackdaw. See CoRVUS. 

 SCURRIZANO, in Geography, a town of Naples, in 

 Capitanata ; y miles N.E. of Afcoli. 



SCURVOGEL, in Ornithology, the name of an Ame- 

 rican bird, called by fonne the nhender-apoa, and by the 

 Brafilians /'a^;Vu?«a«7. See Mvcteria. 



SCURVY, 



