s c u 



s c u 



the difeafe is cured, and to Lave inferred, that by antici- 

 pating them it is prevented from occurring. This is the 

 true fource of all our knowledge, medical or phyfical ; and 

 our hypothefes refpefting the obfcure agencies of nature, 

 which are incomprehenfible, as the empirics of old wifely 

 maintained, are at leaft fuperfluous : for they are not the 

 caufe, but the refult of our praftical information. " Re- 

 pertis deinde medicinx remediis, homines de rationibus 

 eornm diflerere cxpifTe ; nee pod rationem medicinam elie 

 inventam, fed poll inventam medicinam, rationem effe qus- 

 litam." Celfus, Pra^fat. 



Before we conclude, however, we may be allowed to 

 notice one theory, to which modern chemillry has given 

 rife, but which appears to us to be as imperfeftly deve- 

 loped as thofe to which we have already alluded. Dr. 

 Trotter has advanced tliis doftrine ; and we believe the 

 late Dr. Beddoes has maintained a funilar opinion. As the 

 acidifying principle which cxifts, but is rather loofely 

 combined in the vegetable acids and green vegetables (the 

 oxygen of modern nomenclature), appears to be wanting, not 

 only in the faked and other animal fubftances, but alfo 

 in the farinaceous and unfermented vegetable food, which 

 has given rife to fcurvy, it has been iuggefted, that this 

 oxygen may be the remedy for fcurvy, and its abfence 

 from the folids and fluids of the body, the proximate caufe 

 of the difeafe. This fuppofition Dr. Trotter coufiders as 

 farther confirmed by the blackncfs of the blood difcharged, 

 and by the fpeedy change to a florid hue, which the fun- 

 gous ulcerations aflume, within a few hours after the acids 

 have been adminiftered. For it is well known, that fuch 

 a change is always the refult of the contadl of oxygen with 

 the blood, and that it takes place regularly in the lungs, 

 during refpiration, the black blood of the veins being con- 

 verted into florid arterial blood by that procefs. There is 

 fome plaufibihty in this view of the fubjeft ; but it affords 

 no means of explaining the concourfe of the fymptoms, 

 and does not lead us to any additional expedients for the 

 cure. In the application of the remedies all agree, and 

 their peculiar explanations of their operation are of light 

 importance. For, as the fage empirics of antiquity con- 

 tended, " nihil iltas cogitationcs ad medicinam pertinere, 

 eo quoque difci, quod, qui diverfa de his fenferint, ad 

 eandem tamen fanitatem homines perduxerint." Celfus, 

 loc. cit. 



There is a Angular difeafe, which, in many of its fymp- 

 toms, refembles the fcurvy, and is commonly confidered to 

 be of the fame nature, but which differs very materially in 

 the circumflances under which it originates, and in the 

 remedies which it requires, of which we have already treated 

 at length under its proper head. This has been delcribed 

 under various denominations, fuch as land-fcurvy, petechise 

 fine febre, haemorrhxa petechialis, purpura, &c. See Pur- 

 pura, and HiEMORUH.EA. 



Sc\JRV\-Grafs, in Botany. See CoCHLEAltlA. 



Scurvy- Gr^yj, Scotch. See Soldanel. 



SCUT, among Sport/men, the tail of a hare or rabbit. 



SCUTAGE, ScuTAGiuM, in yinciait Cujloms. See 



ESCUAGE. 



SCUTARI, in Geography, a town of European Turkey, 

 in the province of Albania, anciently the rcfidencc of the 

 kings ot lUyricum, fitnatcd on a lake to which it gives name ; 

 now the refidence of a bcglerbeg, a Greek archbifhop, and a 

 Latin bifliop; 52 miles S.E. of Ragufa. N. lat. 42° 27'. 

 E. long. 19" 14'. — Alfo, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the 

 province of Natolia, on the Bofphorus, oppofite to Con- 

 itantinoplc, called by the ancients " Chryfopolis," as being 

 the emporium where the Perfians collefted the tributes of 



their acquired dominions : this town, after having expe- 

 rienced many viciffitudesof profperity and adverfuy, is row 

 full of houies and mofques. It is a faftiion for the Turks 

 at Conltantinople to be interred at Scutari. 



SCUTARIENSE Promoxtouium, \a Ancient Geogra- 

 phy, a promontory of Alia Minor, in the Thracian Bofpho- 

 rus, N.E. of Byzantium. 



SCUTARI US, among the Romans, befidcs its ordi- 

 nary fignitication of a fliield-maker, v;as ufed to denote one 

 of the emperor's lile-guards, bccaufe their whole body was 

 covered with armour. 



SCUTCHEON. See Escutcheon. 



ScvTCHEoyi- Grafting. See En'grakting. 



SCUTE, a French gold coin of 3^. 4//. in the reign of 

 king Henry V. And Catharine, queen of England, had 

 an affurance made her of fundry cailles, manors, lands, &c. 

 valued at the fum of forty thoufand_/2u/fj, every two of which 

 were worth a noble. 



SCUTELLA, in Botany, a little diih, or faucer, is 

 ufed by Dillenius, Linnaeus, and their followers, for the pe- 

 culiar receptacle of the feeds in moll fpecies of Lichen', fee 

 that article ; and which is nearly all that we know of their 

 frudlification. This receptacle confilts of a fmooth difk, 

 almolt always of a different colour from the reit of the 

 plant, as well as from its own border. Its internal fubftance 

 is of a denfe fpongy, corky, or waxy texture, filled with 

 innumerable parallel vertical cells, each of which contains a 

 row of feeds, ufually eight in number, one above another. 

 The difk itfelf is either flat, flightly concave, ur fomcwhat 

 convex, bordered by a rim, formed out of the leafy or 

 crultaceous frond, and fometimes by an elevation of its own 

 fubftance. The latter is the cafe with thofe Lichenes deno- 

 minated tuberculatl, whofe difli often becomes fo much ele- 

 vated as to overtop, or obliterate, this kind of border. 

 The rim formed out of tlie frond is termed by Acharius 

 marga accejforius ; that whicli is of the fubilance of the difl^ 

 is his margo proprlus . 



Some confuiion has arifen in tlic Englifh denomination of 

 the part in qucllion, which is now univcrfally called ajhietd, 

 in preference to Dillenius's word faucer ; nor will any one, 

 furely, difapprove of the change. The fource of the Latin 

 fcutella is fciitum, a fhield, and Linnxus, in his Philofophia 

 Botatiica, appears to have intended uilng fcutel/um, a little 

 (hield, inflead oi fcutella, a little di(h. If he had kept to 

 the former, our Englifh word would indeed have been more 

 flridtly correft, but it is Hill fuflicieritly lo to preclude any 

 necefhty of altering what is now generally adopted. 



SCUTELLARIA, derived from /fu/</Aj, a fmall difh 

 or faucer, apparently in allufion to the little concave ap- 

 pendage which crowns the calyx. Some have thought 

 it to be more direftly derived from fciilellum, a little fhield, 

 to which they have compared the appendage. Others have 

 preferred the name CaJJlcla, comparing the calyx oi the 

 fruit to a helmet. — Linn. Gen. 301. Schrcb. 397. Willd. 

 Sp. PI. V. 3. 426. Mart. Mill. Did. v. 4. Sm. Fl. 

 Brit. 645. Prodr. Fl. Grace. Sibth. v. i. 424. Ait. 

 Hort. Kew. V. 3. 426. Juff. 117. Michaux Boreal- 

 Amer. v. 2. 11. Purlh v. 2. 402. Lamarck Illuilr. 

 t. 515. (Cafliida; Touriief. t. S4.) — Clafs and order, 

 Didynamia Gymnofpermia. Nat. Ord. Ferticillat^, Linn. 

 Labiate, .lull. 



Gen. Cii. Cal. Perianth inferior, of one leaf, very fliorl, 

 tubular ; rim almoft; entire, after flowering clofed with a lid, 

 permanent. Cor. of one petal, ringeiit. Tube very Ihort, 

 bent backwards ; throat long, comprefled. Upper lip con- 

 cave, trifid ; the middle fegmcnt concave, emargmatc ; 

 lateral ones flat, rather acute, lying under the middle one. 



Lower 



