S E R 



S E R 



1'erronal fervke is a difgraceful fort of tenure, under 

 which lands were formerly held, and in which the tenant 

 did various forts of work for. the lord, and provided him 

 with a variety of different articles. It is a cuftom which 

 has long been aboliftied in this part of the kingdom, as being 

 highly injudicious and improper ; but which, Mr. Donaldfun 

 remarks, is not wholly difcarded in Scotland. " In the 

 north of Scotland," fays he, " the rents are to a certain ex- 

 tent paid in perfonal fervices ; the tenants being bound to 

 plow and harrow a certain proportion of the proprietor's 

 farm ; to reap, carry home, thrafti, drefs, and mill a cer- 

 tain quantity of his crop at their own charges ; and that 

 they are alfo bound to pay poultry, eggs, cheefe, fheep, 

 fwine, fifh, linen, yarn, &c." It might, continues he, 

 have been unavoidably necetfary, from the want of a cir- 

 culating medium in the early periods of the hiftory of this 

 country, to oblige the tenants to pay their rents in perfonal 

 fervices, and in the various articles of produce which their 

 farms afforded ; but it mufl be confidered a fingular cir- 

 cumftance in the hiftory of Great Britain, that in the end 

 of the eighteenth century, and at a period when the intro- 

 duftion of improvements in agriculture is the chief topic of 

 converfation, there Ihould exifl proprietors, who are fo loft 

 to every fentiment regarding what is due to the community 

 of which they are members, to the people whom Providence 

 has placed under their proteftion, and to the improvement 

 of their native country, as to perfift in demanding from 

 their tenants a fpecies of r^nt, which no farmer, who is en- 

 titled to the name, would fubmit to pay, nor any pro- 

 prietor, who regarded the good of his country, or his own 

 intereft, think of requiring. Thefe difgraceful fervices 

 fhould of courfe be done away with in every fituation, as 

 being incompatible with all forts of improvementJ in huf- 

 bandry, or the introdu£Uon of fpirited agriculture into any 

 part. 



This fort of fervice is not only hoftile to all kinds of 

 farming improvements, but highly diilrefling and ruinous 

 to tenants at particular feafons, as during the feed-time, the 

 harveft, and the time of getting in the hay, by being often 

 under the necefiity of neglecting their own operations and 

 bufineffes, in order to perform the various works of their 

 lords, or fuperiors. The fooner thefe fervices are wholly 

 abolifhed in every part of the kingdom, the better it will be 

 for the interefts of agriculture. 



Service, Real, is either urbane or rufilc ; which two 

 kinds differ, not in the place, but the thing. The firft is 

 that due from a building or houfe, in whatever place fituate, 

 whether in city or in country, as keeping a drain, a viita, 

 or the like. 



Services, Rufiic, are thofe due for grounds, where 

 there is no building ; fuch is the right of paffage through 

 ways, &c. 



Service, Mixt, is that due from the perfon, by reafon 

 of the thing, as an ufufruit, &c. 



Our ancient law-books tell us of lands held of the king, 

 by the tenant's letting a fart before the king on New Year's 

 Day ; others, by furnifhing tlie king with whores, when- 

 ever he travelled that way ; others, by bringing the king 

 a mefs of pottage at his coronation-feaft, &c. 



There are alfo natural fervices. For inftance, if a man 

 cannot gather the produce of his lands, without pafling 

 through his neighbour's grounds, the neighbour is obliged 

 to allow a padage, as a natural fervice. 



Service, Forenjic or Extr'wfic, Servitium forenjicum, &C. 

 was a fervice which did not belong to the chief lord, but to 

 the king. 



It was called forenjic and extrin/ic, becaufe done /oris, 



out of doors ; and extra ferDltium. We meet with feveral 

 grants, in the Monafticon, of all liberties, with the appur- 

 tenances, falvo forenji fermt'io. 



Service, Intrinjic, Servitium intrin/icum, that due to the 

 chief lord alone, from his vaflais within his manor. 



Service, Frank, Servitium liberum, a fervice done by 

 the feudatory tenants, who were called Uberi homines, and 

 diftinft from valials : as was likewifc their fervice ; for they 

 were not bound to any bafe fervices, as to plow the lord's 

 lands, &c. but only to find a man and horfe to attend the 

 lord into the army or court. 



Service, Ba/e. See Villenage. 

 Service, Bord. See Bordage. 



Seuvice, Foreign, Honorary, Knighti, Rent. See the 

 adjeftives. 



Service, Herist, See Heriot. 

 Service, Ovelty of. See Ovelty. 

 Service, Suit of. See Suit. 



Service, Choral, in Church Hi/lory, denotes that part 

 of rehgious worfhip which confifls in chanting and finging. 

 The advocates tor the high antiquity of finging, as a part of 

 church mufic, urge the authnrity of St. Paul in its favour: 

 Ephi?f. chap. v. ver. 9. and Coloff. chap. lii. ver. 16. On 

 the authority of which palfages it is afferted, that fongs and 

 hymns were, from the eftabhfhment of the church, fung in 

 the aflemblies of the faithful ; and it appears, from un- 

 doubted teftimoiiy, that finging, which was practifed as a 

 facred rite among the Egyj tians and Hebrews, at a very 

 early period, and which likewife conftituted a confiderable 

 part of the religious ceremonies of the Greeks and Romans, 

 made a part of the rehgious worlhip of Chriftians, not only 

 before churches were built, and their religion eftablifhed by 

 law, but from the firfl profefTion of Chriftianity. How- 

 ever, the era from whence others have dated the introduc- 

 tion of muiic into the fervice of the church, is that period, 

 during which Leontius governed the church of Antioch, 

 /'. e. between the year of Chriil 347 and ^^6. See Anti- 

 phony. 



From Antioch the praftice foon fpread through the other 

 churches of the Ealt ; and in a few ages after its firft intro- 

 duftion into the divine fervice, it not only received the 

 fanftion of public authority, but thofe were forbid to join 

 in it who were ignorant of mufic. A canon to this purpofe 

 was made by the council of Laodicea, which was held 

 about the year 372 ; and Zonaras informs us, that thefe 

 canonical fingers were reckoned a part of the clergy. Sing- 

 ing was introduced into the weftern churches by St. Am- 

 brofe, about the year 374, who was the inftitutor of the 

 Ambrofian chant, eftablifhed at Milan about the year 386; 

 and Eufebius (lib. ii. cap. 17.) tells us, that a regular 

 choir, and method of finging the fervice, were firft efta- 

 blifhed, and hymns ufed in the church at Antioch, during 

 the reign of Conftantine ; and that St. Ambrofe, who had 

 long reiided there, had his melodies thence. This was, 

 about two hundred and thirty years afterwards, amended by 

 pope Gregory the Great, who eftablifhed the Gregorian 

 chant ; a plain, unifonous kind of melody, which he 

 thought confiftent with the gravity and dignity of the fer- 

 vice to which it was to be appHed. This prevails in the 

 Roman church even at this day : it is known in Italy by the 

 name of canto fermo ; in France, by that of plain chant ; 

 and in Germany, and mofl other countries, by that of 

 the cantus Gregorianus. Although no fatisfaftory account 

 has been given of the fpecific difference between the Am- 

 brofian and Gregorian chants, yet all writers on this fubjeft 

 agree in faying, that St. Ambrofe only ufed the four au- 

 thentic modes, and that the four plagal were afterwards 



9 added 



