S H A 



more abundant in quantity. It may confequently not be 

 unworthy of the gardener's attention. See the Tranfaftions 

 of the Horticultural Society of London, vol. li. p. 97. 



Shallot Creek, in Geography, a river of North Carolina, 

 which runs into the Atlantic, N. lat. 33° 53'. W. long. 

 78^ 28'. 



SHALLOW. See Shoal. 



SHALTOCH Cairn, in Geography, a mountain of 

 Scotland, in Ayrlhire ; 12 miles E. of Girvan. 

 SHAM, El. See Damascus. 

 SHAMADE, in W.ir. See Chamade. 

 SHAMALAPALEAM, in Geography, a town of Hin- 

 doftan, in Coimbetore ; 15 miles N.E. of Coimbetore. 



SHAMARASHUP-, a town of Hindooftan, in Coim- 

 betore ; 18 miles S.W. of Erroad. 



SHAMBE, a river of Weft Florida, which runs into 

 Penfacola bay. 



SHAMBLE, or Shammel, in Mining, a term ufed to 

 exprefs a fort of nich, or landing place, kit at certain dif- 

 tances in the adits of mine^, and formed by a Itage of 

 boards. The method of digging the tin-mines in Devon- 

 ihire, and fome parts of Cornwall, is this ; they fink their 

 ^a^- in fueh a breadth as is fufBcient for them to Hand and 

 ..,r.'rV ^n,' at every fathom they leave a fquare place vacant, 

 to which the 0>C 'S to be thrown up with (hovels as it is 

 duK. This they do tr^\^ caft to call ; that is, as far as a 

 mjm can conveniently throV up the ore with his (hovel. 

 Thus the ore, as it is dug by the bvTlmen, is thrC^'U up by 

 the (hovellers, who follow them from fhsmble to (hamtJe, 

 till it comes to the top of the mine. This, however, is but 

 an inconvenient way, and the ufe of thefe (liambles is gene- 

 rally fupplied by a winder at the opening of the nnne, 

 which manages two buckets, the one of which is fent down 

 empty, while the other is font up full; and one man em- 

 ployed below to load, and another to empty. Phil. Tranf. 

 N° 60. See Mining. 



SHAMBLES, or Shingles, in Geography, a bank of 

 fand in the Englifli Channel, near the coail of Dorlet(hire, 

 about four miles E. by S. from Portland Bill, with 14 

 feet at low water. 



SHAMBRIER, in the Manege, ia a long thong of 

 leather, made fall to the end of a cane, in order to animate 

 a hoi-fe, and punilh him, if he refufcs to obey the rider. 



SHAMBYPATAM, in Geography, a town of Hin- 

 doollan, in the Carnatic ; 36 miles S. of Tanjarc. 



SHAMDARA, a town of AfTam, on the Burhampoo- 

 ter ; 65 miles N.W. of Gerghonge. 

 SHAME, in Ethics. See Passion. 

 SHAMERAN, in Geography, a town of Curdiftan ; 18 

 milee S. of Sherezur. 



SHAMMY, Chammy, or Chamois, a kind of leather, 

 either drelTed in oil, or tanned ; much efteemed for its foft- 

 nefs, pliancy, &c. 



It is prepared from the fl-cin of the chamois, or fhamois, a 

 kind of rupicapra, or wild goat, called alfo Ifard, inhabiting 

 the mountains of Dauphiny, Savoy, Piedmont, and the 

 Pyrenees. See Chamois. 



■ Beiides the loftnefs and warmth of the leather, it has the 

 faculty of bearing fo.ap without damage ; which renders it 

 very ufeful on many accounts. 



In France, &c. fome wear the (Icin raw, without any 

 preparation. Shammy leather is ufed for the piu-ifying of 

 mercury ; which is done by paffing it through the pores of 

 the (Icin, which are very clofe. 



The true chamois leather is counterfeited with common 

 "•oat, kid, and even with (heep-(lcins ; the praftice of which 

 makes a particular profeffion, called by the French chamoi- 



S H A 



fure. The laft, though the lead efteemed, is yet fo popular, 

 and fuch vaft quantities of it are prepared, efpecially about 

 Orleans, Marleillcs, and Touloufe, that it may not be amifs 

 to give the method of preparation. 



Manner of Shamoifing, or of preparing Sheep, Goat, or 

 Kid-Jhins in Oil, In Imitation of Shammy. — The (kins, being 

 wa(hed, drained, and fmeared over with quick-lim.e on the 

 fle(hy lide, are folded in two lengthwife, the wool outwards, 

 and laid in heaps, and fo left to ferment eight days ; or, if 

 they had been left to dry after (laving, then lifteen days. 



Then they are wa(hcd out, drained, and half dried ; laid 

 on a wooden Ic:^, or horfe, the wool ftripped off with a 

 round ftaff for that purpofe, and laid in a weak pit, the lime 

 of which had been ufid before, and has loft the greateil part 

 of its force. 



After twenty-four hours they are taken out, and left to 

 drain twenty-four more; they are then put in another 

 flronger pit. This done, they are taken out, drained, and 

 put in again, by turns ; which begins to difpofe them to 

 take oil ; and this pradlice they continue for fix weeks in 

 fummer, or three months in winter : at the end of which 

 they are wafhed out, laid on the wooden leg, and the fur- 

 face of the (l<in on the wool-fide peeled off, to render them 

 the foftcr ; tlien made into parcels, fteeped a night in the 

 river, in winter more, ftretched fix or feven over one another, 

 on the wooden leg, and the knife palled llrongly on the fie(h- 

 fide, to take off any thing luperfluous, and render the (kin 

 fmooth. 



Then they are fteeped, as before, in the river, and the 

 fame operation is repeated on the wool-fide ; they are then 

 thrown into a tub of water, with bran in it, which is brewed 

 among the (Icins till the greateft part (licks to them, and 

 then feparated into diilindt tubs, till they fwell, and rife of 

 themfelves above the water. 



By this means the remains of the lime arc cleared out ; 

 they are then wrung out, hung up to dry on ropes, and fent 

 to the mill, with the quantity of oil necelTary to fcour them : 

 the beft oil is that of (lock-filh. 



Here they are iirll thrown in bundles into the river, for 

 twelve hours, then laid in the mill-trough, and fulled with- 

 out oil till they be well foftened ; then oiled with the hand, 

 one by one, and thus formed into parcels of four (Icins each ; 

 which are milled and dried on cords a fecond time ; then a 

 third ; and then oiled again, and dried. ^ 



This proceis is repeated as often as necefTity requires ; 

 when done, if there be any moifture remaining, they are 

 dried in a ftove, and made up into parcels wrapped up in 

 wool : after fome time they are opened to the air, but 

 wrapped up again as before, till fuch time as the oil feems 

 to have loll all its force, which it ordinarily does in twenty- 

 four hours. 



The (Ivins are then returned from the mill to the cha- 

 moifer, to be fcoured ; which is done by putting them in a 

 lixivium of wood-afhes, working and beating them in it 

 with poles, and leaving them to fteep, till the ley hath 

 had its effect ; then they are wrung out, fteeped in an- 

 other lixivium, wrung again ; and this is repeated till all 

 the greafe and oil be purged out. When this is done, 

 they are half dried, and palled over a (harp-edged iron 

 inftrument, placed perpendicular in a block, which opens, 

 foftens, and makes them gentle; laftly, they are ^tho- 

 roughly dried, and palled over the fame inftrument again ; 

 which finifiies the preparation, and leaves them in form of 

 (liammy. 



Kid and goat-fkins are (hamoifed in the fame manner 

 as thofe of (heep, excepting that the hair is taken off 

 without the ufe of any hme ; and that when brought from 



tlie 



